Cadmium is a non-essential trace metal, which is highly toxic to nearly all living organisms. Soil pollution causes Cd contamination of crops, thereby rendering plant products responsible for the chronic low level Cd over-exposure of numerous populations in the world. For this reason, Cd accumulation in plants has been studied for about five decades now. The research first focused on the relationships between plant and soil Cd levels, on the factors of the metal availability in soil, as well as the root uptake processes. Cd distribution in plant organs was also investigated, first using a macroscopic and eco-physiological approach, and then with the help of molecular biology tools, at both tissue and cell scales. Cadmium has no biological function and hijacks the transport pathways of micronutrients such as Fe, Mn, or Zn, in order to enter the plant through the roots and be distributed to all its organs. The study of the genes that control the influx and efflux of the Cd(2+)ion in the cytosol, vacuoles, and vascular tissues has significantly contributed to the understanding of the metal root uptake and of its transfer to the aerial parts. However, the mechanisms responsible for its distribution to the different above-ground tissues and specially to fruits and seeds have yet to be clarified. This review summarizes current knowledge in order to present a detailed overview of Cd transport and storage, from the rhizosphere to the different organs and tissues of the plant.

/pdf/mechanisms-of-cadmium-accumulation-in-plants-ezxabusvq5.pdf

Mechanisms of Cadmium Accumulation in Plants

Bread wheat is not only an important cereal crop but also a model for study of an allopolyploid plant with a large, highly repetitive genome. Advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology provide needed throughput to conquer the enormous size of the wheat genome. Multiple high quality reference genome sequences will soon be available. Full-scale wheat functional genomics studies are dawning. In this review we highlight the available tools and methodologies for wheat functional genomics research developed with the assistance of NGS technology and recent progress, particularly the concerted effort in generating multiple reference genomes, strategies to attain genome-wide genetic variation, genome-wide association studies, mutant population generation, and NGS-supported gene cloning and functional characterization. These resources and platforms lay a solid foundation for wheat research, leading to a new era of wheat functional genomics that will bridge the gap between genotype and phenotype. Dissection of wheat genomes and gene functions should assist in genomics-assisted selection and facilitate breeding of elite varieties for sustainable agriculture in China and the world.

Wheat functional genomics in the era of next generation sequencing: An update

Effects of grafting on root-to-shoot cadmium translocation in plants of eggplant (Solanum melongena) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum).

Cadmium (Cd) pollution in cultivated land is caused by irresistible geological factors and human activities; intense diffusion and migration have seriously affected the safety of food crops. Plants have evolved mechanisms to control excessive influx of Cd in the environment, such as directional transport, chelation and detoxification. This is done by some specific metalloproteins, whose key amino acid motifs have been investigated by scientists one by one. The application of powerful cell biology, crystal structure science, and molecular probe targeted labeling technology has identified a series of protein families involved in the influx, transport and detoxification of the heavy metal Cd. This review summarizes them as influx proteins (NRAMP, ZIP), chelating proteins (MT, PDF), vacuolar proteins (CAX, ABCC, MTP), long-distance transport proteins (OPT, HMA) and efflux proteins (PCR, ABCG). We selected representative proteins from each family, and compared their amino acid sequence, motif structure, subcellular location, tissue specific distribution and other characteristics of differences and common points, so as to summarize the key residues of the Cd binding target. Then, we explain its special mechanism of action from the molecular structure. In conclusion, this review is expected to provide a reference for the exploration of key amino acid targets of Cd, and lay a foundation for the intelligent design and breeding of crops with high/low Cd accumulation.

/pdf/metalloprotein-specific-or-critical-amino-acid-residues-2gzbadr3.pdf

Metalloprotein-Specific or Critical Amino Acid Residues: Perspectives on Plant-Precise Detoxification and Recognition Mechanisms under Cadmium Stress

This study aims to understand the mechanism by which grafting tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) onto Torubamu (Solanum melongena) reduces cadmium (Cd) accumulation in tomato. Tomato plants were grafted onto Torubamu rootstocks, and both the un-grafted and grafted tomato plants were grown in the control soil and soil that contained 2.0 or 5.0 mg•kg−1 Cd for 30 d. Grafting onto Torubamu rootstock markedly reduced the accumulation of both Cd and total sulfur in the leaves of tomato plants to 4.1–11.7% and 25.0–36.7% of the values in the un-grafted tomato plants, respectively. Moreover, the expression of miR166a and miR395b markedly increased in tomato scions. Tobacco dual-luciferase (LUC) assays and Agrobacterium-mediated tomato genetic transformation verified that miR166a and miR395b targeted Phavoluta (PHV), Revolute (REV), Class III Homeodomain Leucine Zipper (HD-ZIP), Sulfate transporter 2;1 (SULTR2;1), ATP sulfurylase (APS) (APS1/3), and High-affinity sulfate transporter (HAST) genes, which are directly or indirectly responsible for sulfate transport. Based on the correlations between the Cd and sulfur accumulation in the tomato scions (r2 = 0.91) and in the miR166a/395b-transformed tomato scions (r2 = 0.96–0.98) grown in the soil with 2.0 mg•kg−1 Cd, we conclude that tomato grafting onto Torubamu rootstock can reduce Cd accumulation because of the sulfate transport regulatory ability of miR166a and miR395b. Understanding this mechanism can be of great benefit for Cd tolerance breeding.

Tomato grafting onto Torubamu ( Solanum melongena ): miR166a and miR395b reduce scion Cd accumulation by regulating sulfur transport

In this study, the characteristics of cadmium (Cd) uptake by roots and translocation from roots to leaves of two eggplant species (Solanum melongena and Solanum torvum) under relatively low Cd concentrations were investigated using stable (108)Cd isotope through a number of hydroponic experiments. The uptake and translocation of (108)Cd was compared with those of (70)Zn and (15)N. The results showed more (108)Cd was loaded to the vascular channels and translocated upward to the leaves in S. melongena than in S. torvum, while the (108)Cd concentrations were significantly lower in the roots of S. melongena than in S. torvum. When the phloem and xylem were wounded by grafting treatments, the foliar (108)Cd concentrations were decreased by more than 66% regardless of the rootstock species, whereas the uptake of (108)Cd in the root was not inhibited by grafting. Similar grafting effects were observed for (70)Zn. Hence, wounding phloem and xylem by grafting disturbed the upward transport of (108)Cd and (70)Zn to the eggplant leaves. Similarly, interruption of the phloem by the girdling treatment reduced the concentrations of (108)Cd in the leaves of S. melongena by approximately 51%, though the uptake of (108)Cd by roots was not reduced by the interruption of phloem. In contrast, neither (70)Zn concentrations nor stable N isotope ratio (δ(15)N) values in the roots and leaves of S. melongena were significantly influenced by the interruption of phloem. In conclusion, the phloem played a dominant role in the long-distance transport of Cd from the root to the leaf of S. melongena, whereas the xylem was the main channel for the translocation of Zn and N.

Long-distance transport of cadmium from roots to leaves of Solanum melongena

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Long-distance transport of cadmium from roots to leaves of Solanum melongena