Comprehensive review of commutation failure in HVDC transmission systems

This paper proposes a novel variable-inertia emulation control (VIEC) scheme that enables voltage-source-converter based high-voltage DC (VSC-HVDC) transmission systems to flexibly support AC grid frequency stability like synchronous generators. The VIEC scheme allows us to extract the energy from the augmented DC capacitance for inertia emulation by controlling the DC voltage without affecting the stability of the AC system connected on the remote side. In particular, with the proposed VIEC scheme, the inertia time constant can be flexibly emulated and its value can be automatically adjusted according to the rate of change of grid frequency as well as grid frequency deviations. This leads to more effective inertial support across different timescales. Modal analysis is carried out to investigate the impacts of inertia and DC capacitance, and to obtain the optimal control parameters. The effectiveness and advantages of the proposed VIEC scheme are demonstrated on an IEEE benchmark system in the presence of faults and load changes. 

Variable-Inertia Emulation Control Scheme for VSC-HVDC Transmission Systems

Optimal planning of Electricity–Hydrogen hybrid energy storage system considering demand response in active distribution network

Coordinated power control of electrochemical energy storage for mitigating subsequent commutation failures of HVDC

Modular Multilevel Converter based High Voltage Direct Current (MMC-HVDC) connected with offshore wind farms could suffer serious challenge: surplus power of MMC-HVDC caused by AC fault in onshore power grid. This paper proposes an active energy control (AEC) scheme for converter stations utilizing MMC sub-module capacitance. It can be used to actively absorb the surplus power of the MMC-HVDC in the stage of grid-side AC fault and enhance the AC fault ride-through (ACFRT) ability. First, the energy decoupling principle of MMC is analyzed, and a steady-state control scheme is proposed for MMC-HVDC with energy decoupling capability. Based on this strategy, an AEC scheme between onshore and offshore converter stations is proposed for ACFRT. It is divided into the following four stages: passive energy recovery, active energy recovery, active energy maintenance, and active energy release. Then, a set of coordinated control schemes for AEC and active power reduction of offshore wind farms are designed. This is used as an example to illustrate that the proposed AEC can effectively enhance the fault ride-through ability of the existing strategies, such as active power reduction of offshore wind farms. Finally, the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed control schemes are verified via the PSCAD/EMTDC platform. 

Active Energy Control for Enhancing AC Fault Ride-Through Capability of MMC-HVDC Connected With Offshore Wind Farms

This paper proposes a two-level combined control (TLCC) scheme of voltage source converter-based multi-terminal high-voltage direct current (VSC-MTDC) integrated offshore wind farms to provide frequency support for onshore system. The proposed TLCC scheme consists of two levels, which are the step start-up and adaptive inertial droop control of the offshore wind turbine level, and the communication-free allocation control of the onshore VSC station level. On the first level, each wind turbine adopts the inertial and droop control with adaptive coefficients, and all wind turbines (WTs) work at the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) mode without energy reserve. To reduce the second frequency drop (SFD), the WTs are divided into different clusters according to their rotor speed, and a step start-up control scheme is adopted for the WT clusters to provide frequency support sequentially. On the system level, the communication-free allocation control strategy is proposed using local frequency signal of onshore VSC stations to share the active power among onshore VSC stations reasonably. The proposed TLCC scheme can provide onshore system with frequency support and reduce the SFD simultaneously, while all WTs work at MPPT mode. Case studies are carried out on a 3-area 4-terminal VSC-MTDC based offshore wind farms (OWFs). Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and universality of the proposed TLCC scheme under different scenarios.

Two-Level Combined Control Scheme of VSC-MTDC Integrated Offshore Wind Farms for Onshore System Frequency Support

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Two-Level Combined Control Scheme of VSC-MTDC Integrated Offshore Wind Farms for Onshore System Frequency Support