The possibility of non-invasive determination of the depth of the location and temperature of a cancer tumor in the human body by multi-frequency three-dimensional (3D) radiothermography is considered. The models describing the receiving of the human body's own radiothermal field processes are presented. The analysis of the possibility of calculating the desired parameters based on the results of measuring antenna temperatures simultaneously in two different frequency ranges is performed. Methods of displaying on the monitor screen the three-dimensional temperature distribution of the subcutaneous layer of the human body, obtained as a result of data processing of a multi-frequency multichannel radiothermograph, are considered. The possibility of more accurate localization of hyperthermia focus caused by the presence of malignant tumors in the depth of the human body with multi-frequency volumetric radiothermography is shown. The results of the study of various methods of data interpolation for displaying the continuous intrinsic radiothermal field of the human body are presented. Examples of displaying the volumetric temperature distribution by the moving plane method based on digital models and the results of an experimental study of the thermal field of the human body and head are given.

Measurement and 3D Visualization of the Human Internal Heat Field by Means of Microwave Radiometry

The problems of interference immunity of medical radiothermographs are discussed. The possibility of increasing the interference immunity of radiothermographs by optimizing the design of applicator antennas is considered. The electrical parameters of the optimal design of a slot printed applicator antenna using a human head-phantom were determined using computer simulation methods. A method for evaluating the interference immunity of an applicator antenna placed on the surface of a biological object simulator is proposed. The calculations carried out confirmed the possibility of ensuring the interference immunity of the applicator antennas by placing the absorbing material on the outer surface of the shielding housing of the antenna. The possibility of conducting functional studies of the human brain using medical radiothermographs equipped with interference-proof applicator antennas, without the use of expensive shielded cameras, has been experimentally confirmed. 

Possibilities of Increasing the Interference Immunity of Radiothermograph Applicator Antennas for Brain Diagnostics

The article is devoted to the development of a printed ultra-wideband miniature antenna that can be used for microwave radiometry. An antenna design with a ring-shaped radiator has been proposed, which provides reception of microwave radiation from biological tissues in the 1800–4600 MHz range. The results of mathematical modeling of the antenna electromagnetic field in biological tissues using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method are presented. Optimization of the antenna design has been carried out to ensure acceptable matching parameters and optimal antenna functionality. The developed antenna has a height of 6 mm and a calculated mass of 5 g; it is planned to manufacture a dielectric substrate based on PDMS polymer with the addition of barium titanate. The issues of calculating the antenna parameters (measurement depth, resolution and distribution of radiation power over the volume of biological tissue, sensitivity, etc.) are considered. The research results and design parameters of the developed antenna demonstrated the effectiveness of the new antenna and the possibility of its adaptation to the object of research. Considering the presence of an ultra-wide band and miniature dimensions, the antenna can be a sensor of a multi-frequency multi-channel microwave radiothermograph

/pdf/development-and-optimization-of-an-ultra-wideband-miniature-56a6hr7vp3.pdf

Development and optimization of an ultra wideband miniature medical antenna for radiometric multi-channel multi-frequency thermal monitoring

Microwave radiometry is an emerging technology for noninvasive measurement of internal body temperature. This technique relies on the use of a near-field antenna placed on the skin that receives black body radiation from the tissues under it. Even for a well-matched antenna, mismatch is introduced from variations in the tissue layer properties and/or imperfect characterization of the dielectrics used for antenna assembly. This work demonstrates a design of a receiving antenna element for a human head-specific tissue stack, and a tuning procedure to improve impedance match. Measurements of a fabricated antenna against the forehead indicate that inaccurate characterization of the materials used for antenna assembly more significantly contribute to antenna mismatch than variations in the tissue properties of the forehead. Therefore, proper modeling of assembly materials, in addition to reasonably accurate tissue stack modeling, is crucial for near-field antenna design. 

Near-Field Antenna for Noninvasive Human Head Microwave Thermometry

Microwave radiometry is an emerging technology for noninvasive measurement of internal body temperature. This technique relies on the use of a near-field antenna placed on the skin that receives black body radiation from the tissues under it. Even for a well-matched antenna, mismatch is introduced from variations in the tissue layer properties and/or imperfect characterization of the dielectrics used for antenna assembly. This work demonstrates a design of a receiving antenna element for a human head-specific tissue stack, and a tuning procedure to improve impedance match. Measurements of a fabricated antenna against the forehead indicate that inaccurate characterization of the materials used for antenna assembly more significantly contribute to antenna mismatch than variations in the tissue properties of the forehead. Therefore, proper modeling of assembly materials, in addition to reasonably accurate tissue stack modeling, is crucial for near-field antenna design.

The characteristics of modern medical radiometers and the types of antennas used in them are considered. The method of accounting for the contribution of individual layers of the multilayer structure of a biological object to the measured brightness temperature is described. A system of rational parameters of antennas used in microwave radiometry has been developed. The paper presents a method for computational modeling of the design parameters of three waveguide antennas of various sizes using the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method. A set of rational parameters has been developed that confirm the performance of these functions and provide the possibility of optimizing the antenna design when designing multichannel multifrequency medical radiometers.

System of Rational Parameters of Antennas for Designing a Multi-channel Multi-frequency Medical Radiometer

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Development and optimization of an ultra wideband miniature medical antenna for radiometric multi-channel multi-frequency thermal monitoring

System of Rational Parameters of Antennas for Designing a Multi-channel Multi-frequency Medical Radiometer