To apply electrical impedance tomography (EIT) and the new evaluation approach (the functional EIT) in monitoring the development of artificial lung injury. Acute experimental trial. Operating room for animal experimental studies at a university hospital. Five pigs (41.3 ± 4.1 kg, mean body weight ± SD). The animals were anaesthetised and mechanically ventilated. Sixteen electrodes were attached on the thoracic circumference and used for electrical current injection and surface voltage measurement. Oleic acid was applied sequentially (total dose 0.05 ml/kg body weight) into the left pulmonary artery to produce selective unilateral lung injury. The presence of lung injury was documented by significant changes of PaCO2 (40.1 mmHg vs control 37.1 mmHg), PaO2 (112.3 mmHg vs 187.5 mmHg), pH (7.35 vs 7.42), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (29.2 mmHg vs 20.8 mmHg) and chest radiography. EIT detected 1) a regional decrease in mean impedance variation over the affected left lung (−41.4% vs control) and an increase over the intact right lung (+ 20.4 % vs control) indicating reduced ventilation of the affected, and a compensatory augmented ventilation of the unaffected lung and 2) a pronounced fall in local baseline electrical impedance over the injured lung (−20.6 % vs control) with a moderate fall over the intact lung (−10.0% vs control) indicating the development of lung oedema in the injured lung with a probable atelectasis formation in the contralateral one. The development of the local impairment of pulmonary ventilation and the formation of lung oedema could be followed by EIT in an experimental model of lung injury. This technique may become a useful tool for monitoring local pulmonary ventilation in intensive care patients suffering from pulmonary disorders associated with regionally reduced ventilation, fluid accumulation and/or cell membrane changes.

/pdf/electrical-impedance-tomography-in-monitoring-experimental-250qg377so.pdf

Electrical impedance tomography in monitoring experimental lung injury

Objective: To examine the time window between injury and treatment during which nebulized corticosteroid lessens lung injury induced by chlorine gas inhalation. Design: An experimental laboratory study. Setting: Academic research laboratory. Subjects: Twenty-four juvenile female pigs. Interventions: Twenty-four mechanically ventilated pigs were exposed to chlorine gas (400 PPM in air) for 20 min, then divided into four groups (six in each group). Nebulized budesonide (BUD) was given immediately (BUD 0 min), 30 min (BUD 30 min) or 60 min (BUD 60 min) after chlorine gas exposure. Six pigs receiving nebulized saline served as controls. Measurements and main results: Hemodynamics, gas exchange and lung mechanics were evaluated for 5 h after chlorine gas exposure. All animals had an immediate increase in airway and pulmonary artery pressure and a sharp drop of arterial oxygenation. The mean arterial oxygen tension of BUD 0 min and BUD 30 min animals was significantly higher than in the control and the BUD 60 min groups (p<0.001). The recovery of lung compliance in the BUD 0 min and the BUD 30 min groups was significantly more rapid than in the control and the BUD 60 min groups (p<0.001). The pulmonary wet to dry weight ratio was greater in the control group than in the BUD-treated groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: Treatment with inhaled budesonide immediately or 30 min after chlorine gas lung injury had similar positive effects on symptoms and signs of pulmonary injury, whereas treatment delayed for 60 min was less effective.

/pdf/inhaled-budesonide-in-experimental-chlorine-gas-lung-injury-2xdscptxr6.pdf

Inhaled budesonide in experimental chlorine gas lung injury: influence of time interval between injury and treatment.

Objective: To assess the value of serum protein levels for differentiating permeability pulmonary edema in the course of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from cardiogenic pulmonary edema (CPE). Design and setting: Observational cohort study in intensive care units of 720-bed university hospital. Patients: Twenty-four consecutive patients with clinical evidence of edema, 11 fulfilling the consensus definition of ARDS, 7 having sepsis, 5 with all ARDS consensus criteria and sepsis but a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure above 18 mmHg (mixed), and 8 with CPE. All patients except for one with CPE were mechanically ventilated. Measurements and results: Radionuclide assessments of pulmonary microvascular protein (transferrin) permeability (pulmonary leak index, PLI) were carried out and serum protein levels determined at admission and for ARDS/mixed patients, at recovery, defined by a decrease in positive end-expiratory pressure to 0 cmH2O. At admission the PLI was higher in ARDS/mixed than in CPE patients. The total protein and transferrin levels were lower in the former. The area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic for diagnosing ARDS (vs. CPE) was 0.98 for transferrin (cutoff value 1.5 g/l), 0.95 for total protein (cutoff value 59 g/l) and 0.80 for albumin (cutoff value 24 g/l) levels. In various clinical diagnostic groups the transferrin level approached the PLI in diagnostic value. At recovery the PLI had decreased and serum protein levels increased. Conclusions: The data suggest that hypoproteinemia is a marker of ARDS. This may partially reflect increased permeability in the lungs, systemically, or both.

/pdf/hypoproteinemia-as-a-marker-of-acute-respiratory-distress-6bvlpbwx9v.pdf

Hypoproteinemia as a marker of acute respiratory distress syndrome in critically ill patients with pulmonary edema

Plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COP), blood erythrocyte volume fraction (B-EVF), arterial oxygen tension at an inspired oxygen concentration of 30% (PaO2 (FIO2 0.3)), cardiac index, stroke volume, arterial mean pressure, left atrial mean pressure, pulmonary av-difference of oxygen (Ca-v O2) and creatinine clearance were studied in 16 patients during isolated aortic valve replacement. The patients were divided into two groups with different priming solutions in the oxygenator. In the noncolloid group 2 000 ml of Ringerdex® was used, while the colloid group had 1 600 ml of Ringerdex® and 400 ml of albumin 20% (80 g).COP differed significantly between the groups (p < 0.01) during and for 1 hour after bypass. The greatest reductions were 56% and 30%, respectively. Haemodilution (low B-EVF) was of longer duration in the colloid group. No differences between the groups were found with respect to pulmonary oxygenation, myocardial behaviour or glomerular filtration rate. Cardiopulmonary bypass produced no change...

Pulmonary oxygenation, central haemodynamics and glomerular filtration following cardiopulmonary bypass with colloid or non-colloid priming solution.

The effects of hemodynamic resuscitation with protein-containing or balanced salt solution were studied prospectively in 29 patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery. Blood loss was replaced with packed red cells and extracellular volume with either Ringer's Lactate (RL) or 5% albumin in Ringer's lactate (ALB). Fluids were given to maintain the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) equal to or within 5 torr above preoperative (PO) levels, the cardiac output (CO) equal to or greater than preoperative values, and the urine output at least 50 ml/hr. Serum colloid osmotic pressure (COP), CO, PCWP, the gradient between COP and PCWP (COP-PCWP), and intrapulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt) were measured PO, intraoperatively (IO), and daily for 3 days. The measured variables were similar PO in both groups. Operation time, estimated blood loss, and transfusions were similar. Total fluids received for resuscitation (day of operation) was 11.3 +/- 0.8 liters (RL) and 6.2 +/- 0.4 liters (ALB). Fluid balance at the end of resuscitation was 8.4 +/- 0.8 liters (RL) and 3.4 +/- 0.5 liters (ALB). Maximum decrease in COP was 40% (P less than 0.001) in the RL group and was insignificant in the ALB group. The COP-PCWP decreased from 11 +/- 1 to 2 +/- 1 in RL (P less than 0.001) and insignificantly in ALB. Qs/Qt increased slightly in both groups following operation but was not different between groups. Fluid balance, total fluid infused, sodium balance, total sodium infused, COP, or COP-PCWP did not significantly correlate with Qs/Qt. Two patients in the ALB group experienced pulmonary edema associated with normal COPs and elevated PCWPs. There were no cases of pulmonary edema associated with low COPs and normal PCWPs in the crystalloid group. These data seriously question the necessity to maintain COP by using protein-containing solutions during acute hemodynamic resuscitation. When titrated to physiological end points, even large volumes of balanced salt solutions are tolerated well.

Crystalloid Vs. Colloid Resuscitation: Is One Better? A Randomized Clinical Study

In 18 anaesthetized and artificially ventilated pigs, oleic acid was infused intravenously in order to induce a lung injury characterized by increased lung water content, decreased compliance and a ventilation/perfusion disturbance. After a stabilizing period, half of the animals (group P) underwent repeated plasmapheresis, which halved their plasma oncotic pressure (POP). The rest of the animals were bled and re-transfused with the shed blood, thus serving as a control group. In both groups, care was taken to keep the mean left atrial pressure as constant as possible. During plasmapheresis and "shamapheresis", there was no significant increase in venous admixture (F102 0.21 and 0.6) in either of the groups. At the end of the study, end-inspiratory pressure, dead space/tidal volume ratio and wet/dry lung weight ratio (WW/DW) were significantly higher in group P. Venous admixture and WW/DW correlated significantly with pulmonary arterial pressure and calculated pulmonary capillary pressure, but not with POP or POP minus pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure. It is concluded that reduction of plasma oncotic pressure may increase the lung water content in previously injured lungs, but this extra water accumulation does not necessarily impair oxygenation in the lungs.

Influence of plasma oncotic pressure on lung water accumulation and gas exchange after experimental lung injury in the pig.

In 17 anesthetized and mechanically ventilated pigs, different degrees of lung injury were induced by iv infusion of oleic acid (mean dose 0.1 ml/kg). The change in radiologic density of the chest was measured by a videodensitometer before and 4 h after oleic acid infusion. The lungs were then removed for determination of the wet/dry weight ratio (WW/DW). The change in radiologic density was significantly correlated to WW/DW (r = .87) and to the changes in end-inspiratory pressure (r = .80), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (r = .77) and venous admixture (r = .79), but not to changes in the oncotic-hydrostatic pressure gradient of the lungs (r = .46). Roentgen videodensitometry appears to be a useful method for assessing changes in extravascular lung water content.

Assessment of lung water content by roentgen videodensitometry.

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

We encountered an error while loading the panel. Please try refreshing the page.

Something went wrong

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

Anyone with the link can view this chat. You can switch it back to private anytime.

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Lars Janerås

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Influence of plasma oncotic pressure on lung water accumulation and gas exchange after experimental lung injury in the pig.

Assessment of lung water content by roentgen videodensitometry.