物件導向軟體之架構(Object-Oriented Software Construction)探討

As its name suggests, computing with words (CW) is a methodology in which words are used in place of numbers for computing and reasoning. The point of this note is that fuzzy logic plays a pivotal role in CW and vice-versa. Thus, as an approximation, fuzzy logic may be equated to CW. There are two major imperatives for computing with words. First, computing with words is a necessity when the available information is too imprecise to justify the use of numbers, and second, when there is a tolerance for imprecision which can be exploited to achieve tractability, robustness, low solution cost, and better rapport with reality. Exploitation of the tolerance for imprecision is an issue of central importance in CW. In CW, a word is viewed as a label of a granule; that is, a fuzzy set of points drawn together by similarity, with the fuzzy set playing the role of a fuzzy constraint on a variable. The premises are assumed to be expressed as propositions in a natural language. In coming years, computing with words is likely to evolve into a basic methodology in its own right with wide-ranging ramifications on both basic and applied levels.

Fuzzy logic = computing with words

This ebook is the first authorized digital version of Kernighan and Ritchie's 1988 classic, The C Programming Language (2nd Ed.). One of the best-selling programming books published in the last fifty years, "K&R" has been called everything from the "bible" to "a landmark in computer science" and it has influenced generations of programmers. Available now for all leading ebook platforms, this concise and beautifully written text is a "must-have" reference for every serious programmers digital library.

As modestly described by the authors in the Preface to the First Edition, this "is not an introductory programming manual; it assumes some familiarity with basic programming concepts like variables, assignment statements, loops, and functions. Nonetheless, a novice programmer should be able to read along and pick up the language, although access to a more knowledgeable colleague will help."

The C programming language

In Software Abstractions Daniel Jackson introduces an approach to software design that draws on traditional formal methods but exploits automated tools to find flaws as early as possible. This approach--which Jackson calls "lightweight formal methods" or "agile modeling"--takes from formal specification the idea of a precise and expressive notation based on a tiny core of simple and robust concepts but replaces conventional analysis based on theorem proving with a fully automated analysis that gives designers immediate feedback. Jackson has developed Alloy, a language that captures the essence of software abstractions simply and succinctly, using a minimal toolkit of mathematical notions. This revised edition updates the text, examples, and appendixes to be fully compatible with the latest version of Alloy (Alloy 4). The designer can use automated analysis not only to correct errors but also to make models that are more precise and elegant. This approach, Jackson says, can rescue designers from "the tarpit of implementation technologies" and return them to thinking deeply about underlying concepts. Software Abstractions introduces the key elements: a logic, which provides the building blocks of the language; a language, which adds a small amount of syntax to the logic for structuring descriptions; and an analysis, a form of constraint solving that offers both simulation (generating sample states and executions) and checking (finding counterexamples to claimed properties).

/pdf/software-abstractions-logic-language-and-analysis-3g5voq3xt7.pdf

Software Abstractions: Logic, Language, and Analysis

https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w8752/w8752.pdf

Does function follow organizational form? Evidence from the lending practices of large and small banks

This paper defines techniques for the slicing of UML models, that is, for the restriction of models to those parts which specify the properties of a subset of the elements within them. The purpose of this restriction is to produce a smaller model which permits more effective analysis and comprehension than the complete model, and also to form a step in factoring of a model. We consider class diagrams, individual state machines, and communicating sets of state machines.

Slicing of UML models using model transformations

The UML as a Formal Modeling Notation

The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is rapidly emerging as a de-facto standard for modelling OO systems. Given this role, it is imperative that the UML have a well- defined, fully explored semantics. Such semantics is required in order to ensure that UML concepts are precisely stated and defined. In this paper we describe and motivate an approach to formalizing UML in which formal specification techniques are used to gain insight into the semantics of UML notations and diagrams. We present work carried out by the Precise UML (PUML) group on the development of a precise semantic model for UML class diagrams. The semantic model is used as the basis for a set of diagrammatical transformation rules, which enable formal deductions to be made about UML class diagrams. It is also shown how these rules can be used to verify whether one class diagram is a valid refinement (design) of another. Because these rules are presented at the diagrammatical level, it will be argued that UML can be successfully used as a formal modelling tool without the notational complexities that are commonly found in formal specification techniques.

/pdf/developing-the-uml-as-a-formal-modelling-notation-eapjatztlm.pdf

Developing the UML as a Formal Modelling Notation.

From the Publisher:
B is a formal approach to software specification and development based on the Z specification language. It has been successfully applied in industry, and has robust, commercially available tool support for the entire development lifecycle, from specification through to code generation. The B Language and Method provides a comprehensive introduction to the B Abstract Machine Notation, and how it can be used to support formal specification and development of high integrity systems. Beginning with a discussion of the history of B, it builds up a description of the notation from the basic mathematical notation for sets and sequences, through to the structuring mechanisms of the language, and how it supports "programming in the large". Particular emphasis is placed on the use of B in the context of existing software development methods, including object-oriented analysis and design. Specifically designed to support the teaching of B at undergraduate and postgraduate level, the text includes a large number of worked examples and graduated exercises in B AMN specification. It also includes two extended case studies of the development process, and an appendix of proof techniques suitable for B.

The B Language and Method: A Guide to Practical Formal Development

The integration of UML and formal methods such as B and SMV provides a bridge between graphical specification techniques usable by mainstream software engineers, and precise analysis and verification techniques, essential for the development of high integrity and critical systems. In this paper we define a translation from UML class diagrams into B, which is used to verify the consistency of UML models and to verify that expected properties of these models hold.

UML to B: Formal Verification of Object-Oriented Models

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