The presence of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) was determined at cervical and vulvar sites using two methods, the Food and Drug Administration-approved ViraPap test and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) DNA amplification technology, in 467 women presenting to a university health service for a routine annual gynecologic examination. The PCR system afforded the sensitive detection of a broad spectrum of genital HPV types. Using PCR, we found that 46% of the study population was infected with HPV; the ViraPap test showed a prevalence of 11% infected. PCR analyses demonstrated that 69% of the HPV-positive women were infected at both genital sites. Subsequent HPV-type determination showed that 33% of the study population had HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, or other previously isolated types, and 13% had yet unidentified types. Almost all (92%) of the women diagnosed by Papanicolaou smear with condylomatous atypia or dysplasia (n = 12) were HPV positive. The PCR method proved to be an informative and rapid way to detect HPV in large numbers of clinical samples. Our results demonstrate that genital HPV infection is common among sexually active young women.

https://jamanetwork.com/HttpHandlers/ArticlePdfHandler.ashx?journal=JAMA&articleId=384835&pdfFileName=jama_265_4_027.pdf

Genital human papillomavirus infection in female university students as determined by a PCR-based method.

For mammalian cochlear hair cells, fate determination is normally completed by birth. We report here that overexpression of Math1, a mouse homolog of the Drosophila gene atonal, in postnatal rat cochlear explant cultures resulted in extra hair cells. Surprisingly, we found that the source of the ectopic hair cells was columnar epithelial cells located outside the sensory epithelium in the greater epithelial ridge, which normally give rise to inner sulcus cells. Moreover, Math1 expression also facilitated conversion of postnatal utricular supporting cells into hair cells. Thus Math1 was sufficient for the production of hair cells in the ear, and immature postnatal mammalian inner ears retained the competence to generate new hair cells.

Overexpression of Math1 induces robust production of extra hair cells in postnatal rat inner ears.

https://www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-743X(15)30056-2/pdf

Mucormycosis and entomophthoramycosis: a review of the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment

qRT-PCR (real-time reverse transcription-PCR) has become the benchmark for the detection and quantification of RNA targets and is being utilized increasingly in novel clinical diagnostic assays. Quantitative results obtained by this technology are not only more informative than qualitative data, but simplify assay standardization and quality management. qRT-PCR assays are most established for the detection of viral load and therapy monitoring, and the development of SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)-associated coronavirus qRT-PCR assays provide a textbook example of the value of this technology for clinical diagnostics. The widespread use of qRT-PCR assays for diagnosis and the detection of disease-specific prognostic markers in leukaemia patients provide further examples of their usefulness. Their value for the detection of disease-associated mRNA expressed by circulating tumour cells in patients with solid malignancies is far less apparent, and the clinical significance of results obtained from such tests remains unclear. This is because of conceptual reservations as well as technical limitations that can interfere with the diagnostic specificity of qRT-PCR assays. Therefore, although it is evident that qRT-PCR assay has become a useful and important technology in the clinical diagnostic laboratory, it must be used appropriately and it is essential to be aware of its limitations if it is to fulfil its potential.

/pdf/real-time-reverse-transcription-pcr-qrt-pcr-and-its-4hkbllw6so.pdf

Real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and its potential use in clinical diagnosis.

Mechanoreceptive hair cells are extremely sensitive to aminoglycoside antibiotics, including neomycin. Hair cell survival was assessed in larval wild-type zebrafish lateral line neuromasts 4 h after initial exposure to a range of neomycin concentrations for 1 h. Each of the lateral line neuromasts was scored in live fish for the presence or absence of hair cells using the fluorescent vital dye DASPEI to selectively label hair cells. All neuromasts were devoid of DASPEI-labeled hair cells 4 h after 500 µM neomycin exposure. Vital DASPEI staining was proportional to the number of hair cells per neuromast identified in fixed larvae using immunocytochemistry for acetylated tubulin and phalloidin labeling. The time course of hair cell regeneration in the lateral line neuromasts was also analyzed following neomycin-induced damage. Regenerated hair cells were first observed using live DASPEI staining 12 and 24 h following neomycin treatment. The potential role of proliferation in regenerating hair cells was analyzed. A 1 h pulse-fix protocol using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation was used to identify S-phase cells in neuromasts. BrdU incorporation in neomycin-damaged neuromasts did not differ from control neuromasts 4 h after drug exposure but was dramatically upregulated after 12 h. The proliferative cells identified during a 1 h period at 12 h after neomycin treatment were able to give rise to new hair cells by 24–48 h after drug treatment. The results presented here provide a standardized preparation for studying and identifying genes that influence vertebrate hair cell death, survival, and regeneration following ototoxic insults.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10162-002-3022-x.pdf

Neomycin-induced hair cell death and rapid regeneration in the lateral line of zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Objective:To evaluate speech perception after cochlear implantation in children with cochlear nerve absence or deficiency.Methods:A retrospective case review was performed to identify children who underwent cochlear implantation with cochlear nerve absence or deficiency. The cochlear nerve was evalu

Cochlear implantation in children with cochlear nerve absence or deficiency.

Regeneration of hair cells in the vestibulocochlear system of birds and mammals.

Potential role of bFGF and retinoic acid in the regeneration of chicken cochlear hair cells.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Only 2-4% of cholesteatomas presenting to pediatric otologists are congenital in origin. Disease severity can range from intratympanic pearls to middle ear and mastoid obliteration. Recently, highlighted variations of this rare disorder warrant a systematic approach to disease assessment and surgical decision making. This review provides a comprehensive method to diagnose and manage congenital cholesteatoma based on current literature. RECENT FINDINGS The holding theory of the origin of congenital cholesteatomas is that they arise from retained epithelial cell rest. Primary development can vary among sites within the middle ear and mastoid. 'Open' and 'closed' varieties have been proposed. However, disease severity depends on location, patient age, ossicular integrity, and number of anatomic sites involved. These variables have inspired the development of staging systems whereby appropriate surgical approaches can be designed. Computed tomography (CT) scans are necessary and continue to be the best radiographic tool for surgical planning. Over 30% of congenital cholesteatomas can be extirpated through a transcanal approach. Involvement of the posterior quadrant, over three anatomic subsites, or the mastoid cavity obligates standard canal wall-up techniques. Canal wall-down procedures are rarely required. SUMMARY Congenital cholesteatomas frequently extend beyond the typically described anterosuperior location of the middle ear. Ossicular destruction, mastoid infiltration, and tympanic membrane rupture are encountered more frequently than previously thought. Advanced disease predominately occurs in older children and requires sophisticated assessment and surgical planning beyond removing a simple keratin cyst.

Contemporary assessment and management of congenital cholesteatoma.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the presentation and management of otogenic intracranial abscesses in a tertiary care pediatric hospital. STUDY DESIGN: Case series and chart review. SETTING: Tertiary care pediatric hospital. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: An inpatient database was queried for the following diagnostic codes from 2000 to 2008: [383.2] petrositis, [383] acute mastoiditis, [386.3] labyrinthitis, [351.0] facial paralysis (Bell's palsy), [351.9] facial nerve disorder unspecified, [351.8] other facial nerve disorders, [383.01] subperiosteal abscess, [383.02] Gradenigo's syndrome, [320] meningitis, [324.9] extradural or subdural abscess, [324.0] intracranial abscess, [325] thrombosis of intracranial venous sinus, and [348.2] otic hydrocephalus. Presenting signs and symptoms, microbiology, length of stay, surgical findings, and outcomes were recorded for each patient. RESULTS: Forty patients were identified with an otogenic intracranial complication. Thirty patients had evidence of an intraparenchymal, epidural, subdural, or petrous apex suppurative complication of otitis media. Twenty-four of 30 (80%) patients had a canal wall up mastoidectomy, three (10%) patients had a craniotomy without a mastoidectomy, and three (10%) patients were managed with intravenous antibiotics with or without pressure equalization tubes. There were no mortalities in this series of patients. CONCLUSION: Patients with intracranial abscesses, in selected cases, can be managed with intravenous antibiotics without mastoidectomy. The use of canal wall up mastoidectomy is an acceptable alternative to radical mastoidectomy when surgical intervention is necessary.

Pediatric otogenic intracranial abscesses

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