Proton therapy - Present and future

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is considered as an environmental tool. The basic concepts involved in GPR are introduced briefly including the antennas, propagation, target scattering, and mapping. Target identification is important when using GPR since the scatterer can only be observed by evacuation. This is discussed in terms of mapping and complex natural resonances. GPR has been used and is being considered as a tool for the detection of a wide variety of subterranean features. A very brief description of the various applications of GPR is presented. In terms of environmental sensing, it has been applied to detect buried tanks, landfill debris, water levels, and contaminated fluids. The detection of various military devices also represent a serious environmental concern including landmines and unexploded ordnance. There are also possible applications involving the detection of buried utilities highway voids, grave sites. It has been used for examining archeological sites. The above list is far from complete because of the ever-expanding use of GPR. >

Ground penetrating radar as a subsurface environmental sensing tool

A portable therapeutic device and method of use generate longitudinally propagating ultrasound and shear waves generated by such longitudinally propagating ultrasound to provide effective healing of wounds. A transducer having an operative surface is disposed substantially adjacent to the wound to emit ultrasound to propagate in the direction of the wound to promote healing. Reflections of the ultrasound by bone tissue, by skin layers, or by internally disposed reflective media propagate toward the wound as longitudinal waves, with shear waves generated by the longitudinal waves for the healing of the wound. A focusing element is used for focusing the propagation of the ultrasound at a predetermined angle toward the wound. The operative surface of the transducer may be annularly shaped to encircle the wound to convey the ultrasound and/or reflected ultrasound thereto. A housing may be provided for positioning the transducer near a portion of the skin near the wound, and for indenting the skin to form a cavity, with the transducer disposed in the cavity to emit the ultrasound toward an internal surface of the wound. Fixture structures, such as adjustable straps, may extend about a portion of the body to position the transducer near the wound.

Ultrasonic treatment for wounds

Purpose: To describe a summary of the clinical commissioning of the discrete spot scanning proton beam at the Proton Therapy Center, Houston (PTC-H). Methods: Discrete spot scanning system is composed of a delivery system (Hitachi ProBeat), an electronic medical record (Mosaiq V 1.5), and a treatment planning system (TPS) (Eclipse V 8.1). Discrete proton pencil beams (spots) are used to deposit dose spot by spot and layer by layer for the proton distal ranges spanning from 4.0 to 30.6 g ∕ cm 2 and over a maximum scan area at the isocenter of 30 × 30 cm 2 . An arbitrarily chosen reference calibration condition has been selected to define the monitor units (MUs). Using radiochromic film and ion chambers, the authors have measured spot positions, the spot sizes in air, depth dose curves, and profiles for proton beams with various energies in water, and studied the linearity of the dose monitors. In addition to dosimetric measurements and TPS modeling, significant efforts were spent in testing information flow and recovery of the delivery system from treatment interruptions. Results: The main dose monitors have been adjusted such that a specific amount of charge is collected in the monitor chamber corresponding to a single MU, following the IAEA TRS 398 protocol under a specific reference condition. The dose monitor calibration method is based on the absolute dose per MU, which is equivalent to the absolute dose per particle, the approach used by other scanning beam institutions. The full width at half maximum for the spot size in air varies from approximately 1.2 cm for 221.8 MeV to 3.4 cm for 72.5 MeV . The measured versus requested 90% depth dose in water agrees to within 1 mm over ranges of 4.0 – 30.6 cm . The beam delivery interlocks perform as expected, guarantying the safe and accurate delivery of the planned dose. Conclusions: The dosimetric parameters of the discrete spot scanning proton beam have been measured as part of the clinical commissioning program, and the machine is found to function in a safe manner, making it suitable for patient treatment.

Commissioning of the discrete spot scanning proton beam delivery system at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Proton Therapy Center, Houston.

A particle therapy system is provided which can simply and quickly correct a beam orbit. In a particle therapy system provided with an irradiation facility comprising a first beam transport system for receiving a beam and transporting the beam to the patient side, and an irradiation nozzle for forming an irradiation field of the beam, the particle therapy system comprises first beam position monitors for detecting a position upstream of the irradiation nozzle at which the beam passes, second beam position monitors for detecting a position downstream of the irradiation nozzle at which the charged-particle beam passes, and first and second steering magnets. Correction bending amounts for causing the beam to be coincident with a predetermined orbit after the correction are determined in accordance with detected results from the first and second beam position monitors, and first and second steering magnets are excited under control so that the determined correction bending amounts are obtained.

Particle therapy system

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe University of Texas M. D. Anderson proton therapy system (PTC-H) including the accelerator, beam transport, and treatment delivery systems, the functionality and clinical parameters for passive scattering and pencil beam scanning treatment modes, and the results of acceptance tests. Methods: The PTC-H has a synchrotron (70-250 MeV) and four treatment rooms. An overall control system manages the treatment, physics, and service modes of operation. An independent safety system ensures the safety of patients, staff, and equipment. Three treatment rooms have isocentric gantries and one room has two fixed horizontal beamlines, which include a large-field treatment nozzle, used primarily for prostate treatments, and a small-field treatment nozzle for ocular treatments. Two gantry treatment rooms and the fixed-beam treatment room have passive scattering nozzles. The third gantry has a pencil beam scanning nozzle for the delivery of intensity modulated proton treatments (IMPT) and single field uniform dose (SFUD) treatments. The PTC-H also has an experimental room with a fixed horizontal beamline and a passive scattering nozzle. The equipment described above was provided by Hitachi, Ltd. Treatment planning is performed using the Eclipse system from Varian Medical Systems and data management is handled bymore » the MOSAIQ system from IMPAC Medical Systems, Inc. The large-field passive scattering nozzles use double scattering systems in which the first scatterers are physically integrated with the range modulation wheels. The proton beam is gated on the rotating range modulation wheels at gating angles designed to produce spread-out-Bragg peaks ranging in size from 2 to 16 g/cm{sup 2}. Field sizes of up to 25x25 cm{sup 2} can be achieved with the double scattering system. The IMPT delivery technique is discrete spot scanning, which has a maximum field size of 30x30 cm{sup 2}. Depth scanning is achieved by changing the energy extracted from the synchrotron (energy can be changed pulse to pulse). The PTC-H is fully integrated with DICOM-RT ION interfaces for imaging, treatment planning, data management, and treatment control functions. Results: The proton therapy system passed all acceptance tests for both passive scattering and pencil beam scanning. Treatments with passive scattering began in May 2006 and treatments with the scanning system began in May 2008. The PTC-H was the first commercial system to demonstrate capabilities for IMPT treatments and the first in the United States to treat using SFUD techniques. The facility has been in clinical operation since May 2006 with up-time of approximately 98%. Conclusions: As with most projects for which a considerable amount of new technology is developed and which have duration spanning several years, at project completion it was determined that several upgrades would improve the overall system performance. Some possible upgrades are discussed. Overall, the system has been very robust, accurate, reproducible, and reliable. The authors found the pencil beam scanning system to be particularly satisfactory; prostate treatments can be delivered on the scanning nozzle in less time than is required on the passive scattering nozzle.« less

The M. D. Anderson proton therapy system.

A method of irradiation with a charged particle beam and an irradiation apparatus wherein the charged particle beam supplied from an accelerator and extracted from the irradiation apparatus. The irradiation apparatus includes an electromagnet for scanning with the charged particle beam. The method includes the steps of stopping the extraction of the charged particle beam from the irradiation apparatus, changing an irradiation point of the charged particle beam by controlling the electromagnet under a condition when the extraction is stopped, and resuming the extraction of the charged particle beam from the irradiation apparatus after changing the irradiation point.

Charged particle beam apparatus and method for operating the same

A ridge filter or a range modulation wheel (RMW) is formed to have a shape corresponding to an affected part in the patient body. A plurality of spread-out Bragg peaks with the same dose or different doses are formed in the affected part by executing beam-on/off control of the RMW, beam current control with rotation of the RMW, intensity modulation control, or scanning irradiation. As an alternative, a spread-out Bragg peak containing a portion with a different dose is formed. A treatment time is cut.

Charged particle beam extraction system and method

A charged-particle beam irradiation method and system are disclosed in which while a charged-particle beam ejected from an accelerator is scanned by an electromagnet, each layer resulting from the division of an affected part into a plurality of layers in the direction of progression of the charged-particle beam is irradiated with the charged-particle beam. The intensity of a charged-particle beam for irradiation of a first layer is made lower than the intensity of a charged-particle beam for irradiation of a second layer existing at a position deeper than the first layer in the beam progressing direction. A scanning speed in the first layer is changed between a portion of the first layer subjected to irradiation at the time of irradiation of the second layer and a portion of the first layer subjected to no irradiation at the time of irradiation of the second layer.

Charged-particle beam irradiation method and system

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