Common rules on matters related to detention, adopted unanimously by Member States, have been implemented only in around half of the EU's 28 countries, according to a new European Commission report released today. The report examines the implementation of three separate EU Framework Decisions covering (1) the transfer of prisoners, (2) probation and alternative sanctions, (3) and the European Supervision Order. The three EU laws enable prison sentences, probation decisions or alternative sanctions and pre-trial supervision measures to be executed in an EU country other than the one in which the person is sentenced or awaiting trial. This may be the country of nationality, habitual residence or another EU country with which the person has close ties.

European Commission

This paper presents updated recommendations of the Study Group on Forensic Age Diagnostics for age estimations in living individuals in criminal proceedings. In order to increase the diagnostic accuracy and to improve the identification of age-relevant developmental disorders, a physical examination, an X-ray examination of the left hand, as well as a dental examination including the determination of the dental status and an X-ray of the dentition should be performed in each case. If the skeletal development of the hand is completed, an additional radiological examination of the clavicles should be carried out. Minimum requirements for reference studies are defined and recommendable studies are listed. Instructions for the examination and the preparation of expert reports are presented. The committee of the study group organizes annual proficiency tests for quality assurance.

/pdf/criteria-for-age-estimation-in-living-individuals-2oi0o93jaq.pdf

Criteria for age estimation in living individuals.

http://www.glnbi.org/documenti/606a903a403d47beae85be92dc128a0f.pdf

Age estimation of unaccompanied minors: Part I. General considerations

This paper details a method for age determination of adults from single rooted teeth. The sample consisted of 100 Italian white Caucasian patients (46 men, 54 women) aged between 18 and 72 years. The single rooted maxillary right canine was utilized in this preliminary study. Pulp/root ration, tooth length, pulp/tooth length ratio, pulp/tooth area and pulp/root width ratios at three different levels were computed. Pearson's correlation coefficients between age and these variables showed that the ratio between pulp and tooth area correlated best with age (r2 = 0.85). Stepwise multiple regression models yielded a linear relationship between pulp/root width at mid-root level and chronological age and a linear relationship when pulp/tooth area was compared to age. Statistical analysis indicated that these two variables explain 84.9% of variations in estimated chronological age. The median of the absolute value of residual errors between actual and estimated ages was less than four years.

/pdf/variations-in-pulp-tooth-area-ratio-as-an-indicator-of-age-a-391tyl1m9b.pdf

Variations in Pulp/Tooth Area Ratio as an Indicator of Age: a Preliminary Study

Objective: The present review article is aimed at describing the radiological methods utilized for human age identification. Methods: The application and importance of radiological methods in human age assessment was discussed through the literature survey. Results: Following a literature search, 46 articles were included in the study and the relevant information is depicted in the article. Dental tissue is often preserved indefinitely after death. Implementation of radiography is based on the assessment of the extent of calcification of teeth and in turn the degree of formation of crown and root structures, along with the sequence and the stages of eruption. Several radiological techniques can be used to assist in both individual and general identification, including determination of gender, ethnic group and age. The radiographic method is a simpler and cheaper method of age identification compared with histological and biochemical methods. Radiographic and tomographic images have become an essential aid for human identification in forensic dentistry, particularly with the refinement of techniques and the incorporation of information technology resources. Conclusion: Based on an appropriate knowledge of the available methods, forensic dentists can choose the most appropriate since the validity of age estimation crucially depends on the method used and its proper application. The multifactorial approach will lead to optimum age assessment. The legal requirements also have to be considered. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology (2011) 40, 199–212. doi: 10.1259/dmfr/19478385

/pdf/dental-radiographic-indicators-a-key-to-age-estimation-39q3j7s98i.pdf

Dental radiographic indicators, a key to age estimation

https://www.dentalage.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/gunst_k_et_al_2003_3rd_molars_and_age.pdf

Third molar root development in relation to chronological age: a large sample sized retrospective study.

The aim of this survey was to correlate chronological age with the root development of only one third molar using a sample of 2513 subjects of Belgian Caucasian origin within the age range of late 15 to 22 years. Observations were performed by two observers, who were calibrated for intra- and inter-rater reliability by means of Kappa statistics and each third molar present was scored according to the modified method of Gleiser and Hunt. The method used in this study delivered linear regression formulae based on a sole wisdom tooth, divided according to gender. The results revealed standard deviations similar to those reported in comparable publications and even to those calculated with other skeletal age calculation techniques.

Chronological age determination based on the root development of a single third molar: a retrospective study based on 2513 OPGs.

http://www.abfo.org/wp-content/uploads/minutes-agendas-newsletters/Minutes_2012-08-20.pdf

Dental age estimation and third molars: a preliminary study

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Third molar root development in relation to chronological age: a large sample sized retrospective study.

Chronological age determination based on the root development of a single third molar: a retrospective study based on 2513 OPGs.

Dental age estimation and third molars: a preliminary study