Recent Advances in Tribology of High Entropy Alloys: A Critical Review

Breaking through the design concept of conventional high-temperature alloys, refractory high entropy alloys (RHEAs) exhibited increasingly alloy systems and excellent performance, which can be potentially used as turbine blades, nuclear materials, kinetic energy penetrators, catalysts for high-temperature service in space, nuclear reactor programs, electronic industries and military fields. Therefore, as novel promising candidates with great application potential beyond superalloys, RHEAs′ research not only has cutting-edge academic value, but also has immeasurable economic benefits and strategic significance. Due to the explosively exponential growth of RHEAs in the years from 2019 to 2022 and based on the review of these newly published literature, the current development has been categorized into composition space extension, fabrication routes, post processing methods, performances, modeling and simulation section, as well as promising future possibilities. 

Latest progress on refractory high entropy alloys: Composition, fabrication, post processing, performance, simulation and prospect

With the continuous progress and development in biomedicine, metallic biomedical materials have attracted significant attention from researchers. Due to the low compatibility of traditional metal implant materials with the human body, it is urgent to develop new biomaterials with excellent mechanical properties and appropriate biocompatibility to solve the adverse reactions caused by long-term implantation. High entropy alloys (HEAs) are nearly equimolar alloys of five or more elements, with huge compositional design space and excellent mechanical properties. In contrast, biological high-entropy alloys (Bio-HEAs) are expected to be a new bio-alloy for biomedicine due to their excellent biocompatibility and tunable mechanical properties. This review summarizes the composition system of Bio-HEAs in recent years, introduces their biocompatibility and mechanical properties of human bone adaptation, and finally puts forward the following suggestions for the development direction of Bio-HEAs: to improve the theory and simulation studies of Bio-HEAs composition design, to quantify the influence of composition, process, post-treatment on the performance of Bio-HEAs, to focus on the loss of Bio-HEAs under actual service conditions, and it is hoped that the clinical application of the new medical alloy Bio-HEAs can be realized as soon as possible.

/pdf/bio-high-entropy-alloys-progress-challenges-and-ly8wj6e6.pdf

Bio-high entropy alloys: Progress, challenges, and opportunities

Wearable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) exhibit high flexibility and electric output, and are highly desirable in wearable electronics, soft robotics, and healthcare. Despite significant progress in wearables, achieving versatile integration (e.g. elasticity and permeability) and ensuring thermal comfort when wearing TENGs remain challenging. We mitigate this challenge by fabricating an ultra-stretchable, waterproof, and air/moisture permeable nonwoven textile via the electrospinning of styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene assisted by electrospraying poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)/SiO2 to integrate passive radiative cooling technology into the TENG system. The co-deposited PVDF-HFP/SiO2 micro-nanoparticles exhibit excellent triboelectric and radiative cooling performances and can serve as binders and hydrophobic agents. Combining this with the stretchable liquid metal–superlyophilic electrode, our wearable TENG device offers an excellent triboelectric output (114.5 V, 445 mW/m2 under 25 N) that can be used to power small electronics and monitor human movements (e.g. finger tapping and walking). Moreover, the integrated TENG-based radiative cooling textile with high values of Rsolar (83%) and εLWIR (95%) offers cooling by ∼9.5 °C under sunlight as compared with cotton. This study contributes to the development of wearing thermal comfort textile-based TENGs for electricity generation, self-powered sensing, and zero-energy input cooling. 

Robust integration of energy harvesting with daytime radiative cooling enables wearing thermal comfort self-powered electronic devices

The emergence of metamaterials and their continued prosperity have built a powerful working platform for accurately manipulating the behavior of electromagnetic waves, providing sufficient possibility for the realization of metamaterial absorbers with outstanding performance. However, metamaterial absorbers composed of metallic materials typically possess many unfavorable factors, such as non‐adjustable absorption, easy oxidation, low‐melting, and expensive preparation costs. The selection of dielectric materials provides excellent alternatives due to their remarkable properties, thus dielectric‐based metamaterial absorbers (DBMAs) have attracted much attention. To promote breakthroughs in DBMAs and guide their future development, this work systematically and deeply reviews the recent research progress of DBMAs from four different but progressive aspects, including physical principles; classifications, material selections and tunable properties; preparation technologies; and functional applications. Five different types of theories and related physical mechanisms, such as Mie resonance, guided‐mode resonance, and Anapole resonance, are briefly outlined to explain DBMAs having near‐perfect absorption performance. Mainstream material selections, structure designs, and different types of tunable DBMAs are highlighted. Several widely utilized preparation methods for customizing DBMAs are given. Various practical applications of DBMAs in sensing, stealth technology, solar energy absorption, and electromagnetic interference suppression are reviewed. Finally, some key challenges and feasible solutions for DBMAs’ future development are provided.

Dielectric‐Based Metamaterials for Near‐Perfect Light Absorption

http://manuscript.elsevier.com/S0925838822007745/pdf/S0925838822007745.pdf

Novel Ti-Zr-Hf-Nb-Fe refractory high-entropy alloys for potential biomedical applications

Multi-functional and flexible RGO/leathers for versatile wearable electronics.

Multi-functional graphene/leather for versatile wearable electronics

Intelligent actuators are emerging smart electronic devices, that sense external stimuli (such as light, heat, electricity, et al.) and convert them into mechanical energy. They have been widely used in biomedicine, micro or biomimetic robots, artificial muscles, switches, and microsensors. MXenes are a series of new two-dimensional materials. Among them, a representative MXene is Ti3C2Tx. Compared with other MXenes, Ti3C2Tx has the advantages of high thermal conductivity, adjustable structure, chemical stability, surface hydrophilicity, and et al. To date, Ti3C2Tx has been extensively researched. Many kinds of research have been achieved in the fields of sewage treatment, flexible sensors, electromagnetic interference shielding, energy storage/conversion, etc. However, the application of Ti3C2Tx in multi-responsive actuators is rarely mentioned. Here, we propose a bilayer actuator fabricated by a simple hot pressing method that can respond to the stimuli of electricity and light. Thanks to the high electrical conductivity, strong light absorption ability, and low thermal expansion coefficient of Ti3C2Tx, the Ti3C2Tx/polymer actuator driven by the dual stimuli of electricity and light can be obtained when combined with polymer film with a large thermal expansion coefficient. When a driven voltage of 6 V is applied to the Ti3C2Tx/polymer actuator, it will bend toward the direction of the Ti3C2Tx layer, with a bending curvature of 0.5 cm-1. The Ti3C2Tx/polymer actuator can also exhibit a large (0.51 cm-2) and reversible bending deformation under near-infrared light (500 mW cm-2) irradiation. In addition, an electric-driven smart gripper and a light-driven bionic worm were designed to demonstrate the actions of moving objects and crawling. These results not only provide new inspiration for using Ti3C2Tx to design high-performance soft actuators but also reveal the potential of Ti3C2Tx -based actuators in smart devices. 

Dual‐Responsive Smart Actuator Based on Ti3C2Tx/Polymer bilayer structure for Bionic Applications

Until now, many carbon-based soft actuators with excellent performance have been developed, and various indicators of actuators are close to the limit. However, compared with the intelligence and versatility of natural biological muscles, soft actuators still have the shortcomings of single function and insufficient intelligence. Herein, polyaniline/reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube (PANI/RGO/CNT) composites are fully used to design and fabricate a smart gripper with a self-powered temperature-sensing function. First of all, the PANI/RGO/CNT composites have the characteristics of low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and negative temperature resistivity. By cooperating with polymers with high CTE, a multifunctional bilayer actuator with a temperature-sensing function can be constructed with a temperature coefficient of resistance of 2364 ppm K–1. With the light irradiation (power density of 300 mW cm–2), the surface temperature, bending curvature, and resistance change of the actuator are as high as 48.8 °C, 0.86 cm–1, and −6.1%, respectively. Second, the PANI/RGO/CNT composite also possesses the advantage of large-area capacitance (165.8 mF cm–2). Thus, an integrated bilayer actuator with energy storage modules can be constructed through clever structural design and used as deformable supercapacitors. Finally, based on the similarity in structure and actuation mechanism of the multifunctional bilayer actuator and the integrated bilayer actuator, a smart gripper with a self-powered temperature-sensing function is proposed to provide real-time feedback of the change in temperature of the smart gripper as it grasps the object. The versatility of the smart gripper is achieved without increasing the complexity of the structure, demonstrating the advantages of the design concept of integrating sensing and energy storage in the design of soft actuators. The proposed PANI/RGO/CNT composites have great potential to be used in the fields of intelligent actuators, deformable supercapacitors, and artificial muscles. 

Polyaniline/Reduced Graphene Oxide/Carbon Nanotube Composites for Actuation-Based Sensing for Energy Storage

Recently, soft actuators capable of deforming in predictable ways under external stimuli have attracted increasing attention by showing great potential in emerging industries. However, limited efforts are being spent on the untethered actuators with multistable deformations. Also, there is a lack of mechanically guiding design principles for multistable structures. Here, the patterned aluminum/polydimethylsiloxane (Al/PDMS)-laminated films with surface wrinkles are fabricated by magnetron sputtering the Al layer on the PDMS substrate. By tuning the geometric parameters and surface constraints of the patterned Al/PDMS-laminated films, a series of solvent-driven actuators with multiform stable configurations (such as monostable arc, multistable cylinder, and monostable/bistable spiral) are proposed. The deformation mechanism is revealed using a linear elastic theory. Combined with the finite element analysis method, the deformations of Al/PDMS-laminated films with different surface constraints and geometric configurations are visually predicted. Besides, we modulate the deformation of different parts of the Z-shaped actuators by tuning the surface constraints in different regions of the Z-shaped Al/PDMS bilayer films to achieve multiple stable deformations in a single actuator. The concept offers a huge design scope for reconfigurable soft robots. Finally, two bionic applications are proposed to demonstrate the practical applications of the soft solvent-driven actuator based on the patterned Al/PDMS films in artificial muscles and bionic robotics. This work provides a strategy for the design and fabrication of programmable and controllable soft actuators, laying the foundation for a wide range of applications in smart materials.

Patterned Aluminum/Polydimethylsiloxane-Laminated Film for a Solvent-Driven Soft Actuator with Programmable and Multistable Shape Morphing.

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