/pdf/materials-characterization-by-synchrotron-x-ray-microprobes-2oc81uvmx4.pdf

Materials characterization by synchrotron x-ray microprobes and nanoprobes

Copper oxide superconductors possess multi-layered structures with a layer sequence of -CuO2 -(Q-CuO2 )n -1 -AO-(MO1± )m -AO- or -CuO2 -B-(O2 -B)s -1 -CuO2 -AO-(MO1± )m -AO- along the elongated c axis. Based on this layer sequence, the known copper oxide structures are categorized as members of the homologous series, Mm Ar Qn -1 Cun Om +r +2n ± (M-mr (n -1)n ; category A) or Mm A2k Bs Cu1+k Om +4k +2s ± (M-m (2k )s (1+k ); category B). Stabilization of such structures especially in the case of high values of the n /s parameter, i.e. the higher members of the homologous series, has been demonstrated to be apparently promoted under high pressures and/or strongly oxidizing conditions. Consequently, techniques for applying both high oxygen gas pressures (10-2000 atm) and ultra-high solid-medium pressures (2-8 GPa) have been advantageously utilized in synthesizing various superconductive copper oxide phases. Especially the ultra-high solid-medium pressure synthesis carried out in the so-called cubic-anvil/belt-type apparatus has proven to be extremely successful in synthesizing novel superconductive phases. In order to achieve high partial pressures of oxygen in the solid-medium environment, `external' oxygen-generating oxides such as KClO4 , KClO3 and Ag2 O2 are commonly added to the precursor mixtures. It is emphasized that in some cases it is possible to utilize `internal' oxidizing agents alone, i.e. highly oxidized precursors such as BaCuO2+ and Ba2 Cu3 O5+ containing metal constituents common with the desired copper oxide phase only. In the present paper, the potential and applications of high-pressure techniques in synthesizing multi-layered copper oxides and related structures are reviewed and discussed with emphasis on the important `historical' discoveries of novel phases and the present status of controlled production of high-quality samples of such phases.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0953-2048/13/4/202/pdf

Application of high-pressure techniques: stabilization and oxidation-state control of novel superconductive and related multi-layered copper oxides

We have proposed a T c vs n relationship for multilayered high- T c superconductors from the analysis of HgBa 2 Ca n -1 Cu n O y grain-aligned samples containing n =6 to 16 phases. The sample showed a large and sharp superconducting transition at 105 K in its susceptibility vs temperature curve. This means that multilayered HgBa 2 Ca n -1 Cu n O y can maintain a high T c at least up to n ≈16, otherwise many transitions would have been observed. It is generally believed that the highest T c decreases with n for n ≥4–5 for multilayered superconductors. We conclude that the highest T c is almost constant above about n =5 if the factors reducing T c , such as disorder, are eliminated for multilayered superconductors. This behavior can be explained using an inhomogeneous charge distribution model in multilayered cuprates.

Tc vs n Relationship for Multilayered High-Tc Superconductors

Studies at extreme pressures and temperatures are helpful for understanding the physical properties of the solid state, including such classes of materials as semiconductors, superconductors or minerals. This is connected with the opportunity of tuning the pressure by many orders of magnitude. Diamond-anvil and large-anvil pressure cells installed at dedicated synchrotron beamlines are efficient tools for examination of crystal structure, equation of state, compressibility and phase transitions. One of basic methods in such studies is powder diffraction. This review is devoted to methods of powder X-ray diffraction at high-pressures generated by devices installed at synchrotron radiation sources, in particular to the principles of operation of high-pressure–high-temperature cells. General information on high-pressure diffraction facilities installed at 11 synchrotron storage rings in the world is provided. Measurement aspects are considered, including (i) pressure generation and calibration, (ii) strain in the sample, the pressure marker and the pressure-transmitting medium and (iii) pressure and temperature distributions within the cells. Sources of interest in high-pressure diffraction studies (design of new materials, observation of new phenomena, confrontation of theory with experiment) are briefly discussed. Recent developments of high-pressure methods make that pressure becomes a variable playing a key role in investigation of condensed matter. The paper ends with some remarks on the possible future developments of the technique.

High-pressure powder X-ray diffraction at the turn of the century

Ambient-condition growth of superconducting YBa2Cu4O8 single crystals using KOH flux

In this paper we present a review of high-gas-pressure single crystal growth studies of YBa2Cu4O8 and Y2Ba4Cu7O15-x performed in oxygen pressure up to 3000 bar and Hg1-xMxBa2Can-1CunO2n+2+ (M = Pb, Re; n = 1-7) compounds in argon pressure up 11 000 bar at temperature up to 1200 °C. Chain compounds A1-xCuO2 (A = Sr, Ca, Ba) have been synthesized at high oxygen pressure up to 2000 bar. High-pressure phase diagram studies of the investigated systems are also discussed. Structure analyses of Y2Ba4CunO2n+x (n = 6-8), Hg1-xMxBa2Can-1CunO2n+2+ (M = Pb, Re; n = 1-8), Sr0.73CuO2 and (Sr,Ca)4Cu6O10 single crystals have been performed. The effects of substitutions and trends in bondlengths are discussed. The vortex state properties of HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8+ and YBa2Cu4O8 single crystals are compared. For Hg-based compounds, the influence of oxygen content, chemical substitutions and radiation defects on vortex pinning were determined. The quasi-one-dimensional cuprates Ca0.83CuO2 and Sr0.73CuO2 show an antiferromagnetically ordered state of long-range 3D character at T < 10 K. The spin dynamics of Sr0.73CuO2, measured by inelastic neutron scattering, indicate that this ordered state coexists with a dimerized singlet ground state.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0953-2048/12/9/201/pdf

High-pressure synthesis, crystal growth, phase diagrams, structural and magnetic properties of Y2Ba4CunO2n+x, HgBa2Can-1CunO2n+2+ and quasi-one-dimensional cuprates

High pressure crystal growth of Y2Ba4Cu6+nO14+n and HgBa2Can$minus;1CunO2n+2+$delta; superconductors

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High-pressure synthesis, crystal growth, phase diagrams, structural and magnetic properties of Y2Ba4CunO2n+x, HgBa2Can-1CunO2n+2+ and quasi-one-dimensional cuprates

High pressure crystal growth of Y2Ba4Cu6+nO14+n and HgBa2Can$minus;1CunO2n+2+$delta; superconductors