Topological design and additive manufacturing of porous metals for bone scaffolds and orthopaedic implants: A review.

At autopsy, 13 nonstenotic human left anterior descending coronary arteries [71.5 ± 7.3 (mean ± SD) yr old] were harvested, and related anamnesis was documented. Preconditioned prepared strips (n =...

Determination of layer-specific mechanical properties of human coronary arteries with nonatherosclerotic intimal thickening and related constitutive modeling

Traumatic brain injuries constitute a significant portion of injury resulting from automotive collisions, motorcycle crashes, and sports collisions. Brain injuries not only represent a serious trauma for those involved but also place an enormous burden on society, often exacting a heavy economical, social, and emotional price. Development of intervention strategies to prevent or minimize these injuries requires a complete understanding of injury mechanisms, response and tolerance level. In this study, an attempt is made to delineate actual injury causation and establish a meaningful injury criterion through the use of the actual field accident data. Twenty-four head-to-head field collisions that occurred in professional football games were duplicated using a validated finite element human head model. The injury predictors and injury levels were analyzed based on resulting brain tissue responses and were correlated with the site and occurrence of mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). Predictions indicated that the shear stress around the brainstem region could be an injury predictor for concussion. Statistical analyses were performed to establish the new brain injury tolerance level.

A Proposed Injury Threshold for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Cognitive, sensory and physical factors enabling driving safety in older adults.

The aim of this study is to evaluate all the 58 available NFL cases and compare various predictors for mild traumatic brain injuries using a detailed and extensively validated finite element model of the human head. Global injury measures such as magnitude in angular and translational acceleration, change in angular velocity, head impact power (HIP) and HIC were also investigated with regard to their ability to predict the intracranial pressure and strains associated with injury. The brain material properties were modeled using a hyperelastic and viscoelastic constitutive law. Also, three different stiffness parameters, encompassing a range of published brain tissue properties, were tested. 8 tissue injury predictors were evaluated for 6 different regions, covering the entire cerebrum, as well as for the whole brain. In addition, 10 head kinematics based predictors were evaluated both for correlation with injury as well as with strain and pressure. When evaluating the results, a statistical correlation between strain, strain rate, product of strain and strain rate, Cumulative Strain Damage Measure (CSDM), strain energy density, maximum pressure, magnitude of minimum pressure, as well as von Mises effective stress, with injury was found when looking into specific regions of the brain. However, the maximal pressure in the gray matter showed a higher correlation with injury than other evaluated measures. On the other hand, it was possible, through the reconstruction of a motocross accident, to re-create the injury pattern in the brain of the injured rider using maximal principal strain. It was also found that a simple linear combination of peak change in rotational velocity and HIC showed a high correlation (R=0.98) with the maximum principal strain in the brain, in addition to being a significant predictor of injury. When applying the rotational and translational kinematics separately for one of the cases, it was found that the translational kinematics contribute very little to the intracranial distortional strains while the rotational kinematics contributes insignificantly to the pressure response. This study underlines that the strain based brain tissue injury predictors are very sensitive to the choice of stiffness for the brain tissue.

Predictors for traumatic brain injuries evaluated through accident reconstructions.

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/32936/0000319.pdf?sequence=1

Dynamic mechanical properties of human brain tissue

https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/24140/0000397.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Failure properties of passive human aortic tissue. II—Biaxial tension tests

Injury biomechanics research: an essential element in the prevention of trauma.

In this paper age effects on thoracic injury tolerances are studied: (1) by analyzing the mechanical properties of human bones and soft tissues; and (2) by examining experimental results found in the literature of thoracic impact tests to human cadavers. It is suggested that the adult age range can be divided into three age groups. Using piece-wise linear regression analyses, it has been determined that the reduction in injury tolerance from the "young" age group to the "elderly" group is approximately 20% under blunt frontal impact loading conditions and is as much as 70% under belt loading conditions. By comparing cadaver data and living human data, it has been also found that cadaver data on the elderly overestimate the decreases in mechanical properties with age. The reductions in injury tolerance with age can be used to scale tolerances between age groups so that existing experimental data of injury tolerances for a specific age range can be extrapolated to other ranges. The results of the paper may also be useful in the design of automotive restraint systems which are tunable to occupant age. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 891635.

Age effects on thoracic injury tolerance

Two series of impacts to the head in the superior-inferior direction using 19 unembalmed cadavers are reported. The first series of five tests was aimed at generating kinematic and dynamic response to sub-injurious impacts for the purpose of defining the mechanical characteristics of the undamaged head-neck-spine system in the S-I direction. The second series of fourteen tests was intended to define injury tolerance levels for a selected subject configuration. A 10-kg impactor was used to deliver the impact to the crown at a nominal velocity of 8 m/s for the first series, and between 7 and 11 m/s for the second series. Measurements made include the impact velocity, force, and energy, the head three-dimensional kinematics, forces and moments at the occipital condyles, and accelerations of the T1, T6, and T12 vertebrae.

Head and neck response to axial impacts

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