Experience and Educationis the best concise statement on education ever published by John Dewey, the man acknowledged to be the pre-eminent educational theorist of the twentieth century. Written more than two decades after Democracy and Education(Dewey's most comprehensive statement of his position in educational philosophy), this book demonstrates how Dewey reformulated his ideas as a result of his intervening experience with the progressive schools and in the light of the criticisms his theories had received. Analysing both "traditional" and "progressive" education, Dr. Dewey here insists that neither the old nor the new education is adequate and that each is miseducative because neither of them applies the principles of a carefully developed philosophy of experience. Many pages of this volume illustrate Dr. Dewey's ideas for a philosophy of experience and its relation to education. He particularly urges that all teachers and educators looking for a new movement in education should think in terms of the deeped and larger issues of education rather than in terms of some divisive "ism" about education, even such an "ism" as "progressivism." His philosophy, here expressed in its most essential, most readable form, predicates an American educational system that respects all sources of experience, on that offers a true learning situation that is both historical and social, both orderly and dynamic.

经验与教育 = Experience and education

Climate change 2014 - Synthesis Report

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is broadly recognised as having the potential to play a key role in meeting climate change targets, delivering low carbon heat and power, decarbonising industry and, more recently, its ability to facilitate the net removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. However, despite this broad consensus and its technical maturity, CCS has not yet been deployed on a scale commensurate with the ambitions articulated a decade ago. Thus, in this paper we review the current state-of-the-art of CO2 capture, transport, utilisation and storage from a multi-scale perspective, moving from the global to molecular scales. In light of the COP21 commitments to limit warming to less than 2 °C, we extend the remit of this study to include the key negative emissions technologies (NETs) of bioenergy with CCS (BECCS), and direct air capture (DAC). Cognisant of the non-technical barriers to deploying CCS, we reflect on recent experience from the UK's CCS commercialisation programme and consider the commercial and political barriers to the large-scale deployment of CCS. In all areas, we focus on identifying and clearly articulating the key research challenges that could usefully be addressed in the coming decade.

/pdf/carbon-capture-and-storage-ccs-the-way-forward-11rgsqyer0.pdf

Carbon capture and storage (CCS): the way forward

Model Selection And Multimodel Inference

Humanity already possesses the fundamental scientific, technical, and industrial know-how to solve the carbon and climate problem for the next half-century. A portfolio of technologies now exists to meet the world's energy needs over the next 50 years and limit atmospheric CO2 to a trajectory that avoids a doubling of the preindustrial concentration. Every element in this portfolio has passed beyond the laboratory bench and demonstration project; many are already implemented somewhere at full industrial scale. Although no element is a credible candidate for doing the entire job (or even half the job) by itself, the portfolio as a whole is large enough that not every element has to be used.

“Stabilization wedges: Solving the climate problem for the next 50 years with current technologies” from science magazine (2004)

Experiences from the previous Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR)−funded research project on Smallholder Forestry suggest that improving the uptake of forestry particularly by smallholders requires increased financial returns from their tree farms. In order for smallholders to realize attractive financial returns they should have better access to markets of their tree farm products. Philippine smallholder tree farmers are governed by Department of Environment and Natural Resources policies and regulations which require them to register their trees before harvest and transport of tree farm products. Research findings, however, indicate that most smallholder farmers lack an awareness and understanding of the policies on tree registration, harvesting, transport and marketing. It was also found that Community Environment and Natural Resource Officers have varying ways of policy implementation due to the differences in their understanding and interpretation of the tree registration policy. Participants of a workshop conducted as part of the community survey study of Emtage et al. (2004), and those attending a number of policy workshops, suggested the need to improve the flow of information to establish a clear and common understanding of tree registration and associated policies. Researchers in the ACIAR-funded project on Improving Financial Returns of Smallholder Tree Farmers in the Philippines have developed the Primer on Tree Registration, Harvesting, Transport and Marketing in Private Lands to improve awareness and understanding of the policies among the smallholder tree farmers and plantation owners, Department of Environment and Natural Resources personnel and other stakeholders. The development of the Primer followed a participatory process and was done in a well-organized fashion to ensure that the concerns of all stakeholders were taken into consideration. This paper presents the details of the processes involved in the development of the Primer. New and more aggressive methods of dissemination for piloting are also presented to effectively improve the flow of information on tree farming policies among smallholders and other stakeholders. Other schemes of disseminating information that were perceived by the smallholder farmers and other stakeholders to make a difference to their awareness and understanding of the tree farming policies are also discussed. As action research activity, the undertaking also involves monitoring activities to assess what impact the Primer has on smallholders’ attitude towards tree registration in particular, and the promotion of small-scale forestry in general.

https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:108366/n26_Mangaoang_-_FINAL_.pdf

Facilitating the Flow of Information on Tree Farming Policies For Smallholder Farmers in Leyte

[Extract] This chapter presents a perspective on the importance of small-scale forestry in developed and developing countries. The diversity of production systems in small-scale forestry is discussed and sustainability issues examined. The rationale and layout of this book is then outlined.

The role of small-scale forestry throughout the world.

This report presents analyses of responses to the mail-based survey of rural landholders' NRM attitudes, values and practices in the Wet Tropics NRM region undertaken by staff from The University of Queensland between December 2007 and January 2008. This report describes the first stages in the development of a typology of rural landholders in relation to their management of natural resources in the Wet Tropics region. The first half of the report describes the results of principal component (factor) analyses of responses to the questionnaire. The second part of the report presents a series of analyses of the differences between groups of landholders. The groups were defined according to the stated main purpose(s) for owning a rural property, their main land use(s), and groups of landholders classified according to their scale of agricultural operations. Four series of landholder profiles are defined, then described and compared. The first two sets of profiles are based on groups of landholders classified according to the landholders' reported primary reason for property ownership and the dominant land use(s) of the property. The third and fourth profiles concentrate on an exploring the variation within the cropping and grazing industries, classifying participants in these industries into a series of groups according to their scale of operation (i.e. the area of land they have available for cropping and grazing activities respectively).

/pdf/profiles-of-rural-landholders-in-relation-to-natural-123ubly58z.pdf

Profiles of rural landholders in relation to natural resource management in the wet tropics region of North Queensland

This paper reports the results of a survey of north Queensland landholder attitudes with respect to a number of issues relating to participation in forestry. The survey explored the reasons why landholders plant trees, perceived obstacles to greater farm forestry, and attitudes to tree planting programs such as the Community Rainforest Reforestation Program (CRRP) and Private Joint Venture Scheme (PJVS). The results of the survey are discussed in the context of possible policy prescriptions that can be made at local, state and federal government levels to facilitate greater tree planting in the region. Many of the problems faced by local landholders are shared by landholders in other parts of Australia and throughout the world. This surveyy can thus serve as a case study,
providing information on a number of issues concerning small-scale forestry policies that are of general relevance to the development of farm forestry programs.

The importance of considering social issues in reforestation schemes

Filipino tree farmers are required by law to register their planted trees in order obtain harvest and transport approvals and thus allow them to sell timber. However, survey evidence reveals that only a small proportion of tree farmers register their trees. Also, while the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) encourages tree registration at the time of planting, in most cases when trees are registered this only occurs soon before harvesting. The current tree registration system appears to discourage smallholder timber production, with Leyte smallholders mostly growing timber for on-farm use, or receiving lower prices because they sell timber locally without registration, or being captive to timber merchants who carry out the registration procedures for them but pay low log prices. The DENR lacks of tree inventory information for planning purposes. One of the research objectives of ACIAR Research Project ASEM/2003/052 is to examine the potential for reform of policies for tree registration and harvest and transport approval on Leyte Island in the Philippines. The project has identified a number of constraints on tree registration, including lack of knowledge about the regulations by farmers and even government agencies, complexity of the regulations and charges which are sometimes imposed to cover the costs of DENR field staff in carrying out plot inventories. There are large differences in the registration rate between Community Environment and Natural Resource Office districts, and a study of differences in implementation arrangements between CENRO districts provides insights into measures to increase compliance. A critical assessment is required of the role of tree registration and associated regulations in designing policy reforms. In particular, streamlined tree registration procedures potentially offer smallholders the opportunity to obtain higher returns for their timber.

https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:108360/n20_Harrison_-FINAL-_1_June.pdf

Reforming Tree Regulation and Associated Policies in Leyte, The Philippines

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