Aim Persistent symptoms in adults after COVID-19 are emerging and the term long COVID is increasingly appearing in the literature. However, paediatric data are scarce. Methods This paper contains a case report of five Swedish children and the long-term symptoms reported by their parents. It also includes a systematic literature review of the MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science databases and the medRxiv/bioRxiv pre-print servers up to 2 November 2020. Results The five children with potential long COVID had a median age of 12 years (range 9-15) and four were girls. They had symptoms for 6-8 months after their clinical diagnoses of COVID-19. None were hospitalised at diagnosis, but one was later admitted for peri-myocarditis. All five children had fatigue, dyspnoea, heart palpitations or chest pain, and four had headaches, difficulties concentrating, muscle weakness, dizziness and sore throats. Some had improved after 6-8 months, but they all suffered from fatigue and none had fully returned to school. The systematic review identified 179 publications and 19 of these were deemed relevant and read in detail. None contained any information on long COVID in children. Conclusion Children may experience similar long COVID symptoms to adults and females may be more affected.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/apa.15673

Case report and systematic review suggest that children may experience similar long-term effects to adults after clinical COVID-19.

In recent years, considerable progress has been made in understanding the vasculitic diseases, largely due to the introduction of effective treatments for diseases that were once uniformly fatal, the conduct of structured clinical studies, and advances in immunology and molecular biology. Despite these achievements, the vasculitic diseases continue to be associated with morbidity and mortality from chronic organ damage, relapses, and the side effects of treatment. Investigations into the mechanisms of vascular inflammation may lead to a better comprehension of the pathogenesis of vasculitic diseases and to treatment that is more effective and less toxic. These areas of promising research, together with current knowledge about the vasculitic diseases, are extensively examined in this new edition, which is designed to provide a comprehensive overview of the science and clinical consequences of vascular inflammation in health and disease.

Inflammatory Diseases of Blood Vessels

A multicenter consensus: A role of furin in the endothelial tropism in obese patients with COVID-19 infection

Background Kawasaki disease (KD) is characterized by a disorder of immune response, and its etiology remains unknown. Monocyte is an important member of the body's innate immune system; however its role in KD is still elusive due to its ambiguous heterogeneity and complex functions. We aim to comprehensively delineate monocyte heterogeneity in healthy and KD infants and to reveal the underlying mechanism for KD. Methods Peripheral monocytes were enriched from peripheral blood samples of two healthy infants and two KD infants. scRNA-seq was performed to acquire the transcriptomic atlas of monocytes. Bio-information analysis was utilized to identify monocyte subsets and explore their functions and differentiation states. SELL+CD14+CD16- monocytes were validated using flow cytometry. Results Three monocyte subsets were identified in healthy infants, including CD14+CD16- monocytes, CD14+CD16+ monocytes, and CD14LowCD16+ monocytes. Cell trajectory analysis revealed that the three monocyte subsets represent a linear differentiation, and possess different biological functions. Furthermore, SELL+CD14+CD16- monocytes, which were poorly differentiated and relating to neutrophil activation, were found to be expanded in KD. Conclusion Our findings provide a valuable resource for deciphering the monocyte heterogeneity in healthy infants and uncover the altered monocyte subsets in KD patients, suggesting potential biomarkers for KD diagnosis and treatment.

/pdf/altered-monocyte-subsets-in-kawasaki-disease-revealed-by-29k4hmi49y.pdf

Altered Monocyte Subsets in Kawasaki Disease Revealed by Single-cell RNA-Sequencing

Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) is a common IgA-mediated small vessel vasculitis of childhood that affects several systems. It is characterised by a tetrad of dermatological, abdominal, joint and renal manifestations. HSP can occur secondary to upper respiratory tract infections, medications, vaccinations and malignancies. COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2, a single-stranded RNA virus from the Beta-Coronaviridae family, and often presents as a respiratory infection with symptoms ranging from a mild common cold-like illness to severe pneumonia. It has also been reported to exhibit extrapulmonary manifestations, including but not limited to cardiac, thrombotic, hepatocellular and dermatological complications. We report a case of a 4-year-old boy who presented with clinical features of HSP, with detailed history that revealed a recent recovery from a COVID-19 upper respiratory tract infection, indicating a possible correlation between the two.

https://casereports.bmj.com/content/bmjcr/14/1/e239910.full.pdf

A child with Henoch-Schonlein purpura secondary to a COVID-19 infection.

Advanced Echocardiography Techniques: The Future Stethoscope of Systemic Diseases.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s43054-020-00029-9.pdf

Unleashing the mysterious link between COVID-19 and a famous childhood vasculitis: Kawasaki disease

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Advanced Echocardiography Techniques: The Future Stethoscope of Systemic Diseases.

Unleashing the mysterious link between COVID-19 and a famous childhood vasculitis: Kawasaki disease