Enzyme-mediated adaptation of herbivorous insects to host phytochemicals

Simple Summary The β-fructofuranosidase (β-FFase) encoding gene BmSuc1 regulates the glycometabolism of silkworm larvae, and it participates in the resistance of mulberry alkaloids. However, there is no molecular or biochemical information available about the mulberry pest Glyphodes pyloalis Walker β-FFase homologs. In this paper, we have obtained five β-FFase homologous genes in G. pyloalis and characterized the expression and the localization of GpSUC1a in the midgut. The β-FFase activity in the midgut of G. pyloalis larvae and GpSUC1a were both confirmed, while recombinant GpSUC1a displayed little activity as compared with the higher activity of BmSUC1. Some putative N-glycosylation sites were found in GpSUC1a but none in BmSUC1, while there was more methylation in BmSUC1 than in GpSUC1a. The results indicate that such post-translational modifications (PTMs) are differentially supporting that β-FFase are active in these two mulberry feeding caterpillars, and the activation of GpSUC1a may be controlled by a more complex post-translational regulatory system in G. pyloalis larvae. This is the first report on the characterization of β-FFase genes from G. pyloalis and the first comparison of expression regulation between two mulberry feeding insects B. mori and G. pyloalis. Moreover, this research may provide new ideas for the management of mulberry borers. Abstract The silk-spinning and Lepidopteran model insect Bombyx mori (Bombycidae) is a mulberry specialist. The BmSuc1 gene is the first β-fructofuranosidase (β-FFase) encoding gene identified in animals, and β-FFase acts as an essential sucrase for glycometabolism modulation in the silkworm larvae, involved in resistance to mulberry alkaloids. Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is an important mulberry pest leading to heavy economic loss of sericulture. However, no molecular or biochemical information is available about G. pyloalis β-FFase homologs. In this study, five β-FFase homologous genes in G. pyloalis were obtained. The genes GpSuc1a and GpSuc2c were expressed in the midgut; GpSuc2c encodes a truncated polypeptide. The expression and the localization of GpSUC1a in the midgut was characterized. Whereas recombinant GpSUC1a expressed in both Escherichia coli and BmN cells displayed little activity as compared with higher activity of BmSUC1, β-FFase activity in the larval midgut of G. pyloalis and GpSUC1a purified from the midgut were both confirmed. The data suggested that the activation of GpSUC1a is probably controlled by a more complicated post-translational regulation system in G. pyloalis larvae than that of BmSUC1 in B. mori. To study post-translational modifications (PTMs), GpSUC1a and BmSUC1 were purified from larval midguts using immunoprecipitation and subjected to LC-MS to perform PTMs analysis. Some putative N-glycosylated sites were found in GpSUC1a but none in BmSUC1, while there was more methylation in BmSUC1 than in GpSUC1a, indicating that such PTMs were supporting the differential β-FFases activities in these two mulberry feeding caterpillars.

/pdf/a-comparative-analysis-of-bombyx-mori-lepidoptera-bombycidae-34xns475.pdf

A Comparative Analysis of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) β-fructofuranosidase Homologs Reveals Different Post-Translational Regulations in Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Background: The purpose of the study was to investigate the levels of amino acids and acylcarnitines in newborns of the Tibet Autonomous Region for the first time and to provide an experimental basis for the diagnosis of genetic metabolic diseases. Methods: We detected concentrations of 43 kinds of amino acids, acylcarnitines and succinylacetone in the dried blood spots of 18482 newborns using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and diagnose the case by gene sequencing. We compared the indexes between Tibet and our lab, where most data come from an inland area and Han Chinese people. Then we compared amino acid and acylcarnitine levels of seven regions in Tibet and explored their impact factors. Results: We described the levels of amino acids and acylcarnitines in Tibet newborns using 95% confidence intervals. The distribution of amino acid and acylcarnitines were different in Tibet. Conclusion: This study has contributed to filling in the blanks of Tibet newborn screening, which should be considered in the newborn metabolic disease screening in this area.

/pdf/a-preliminary-investigation-of-amino-acid-and-acylcarnitine-22eoh5oq.pdf

A preliminary investigation of amino acid and acylcarnitine levels in neonates from the Tibet autonomous

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A Comparative Analysis of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) β-fructofuranosidase Homologs Reveals Different Post-Translational Regulations in Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

A preliminary investigation of amino acid and acylcarnitine levels in neonates from the Tibet autonomous