Allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis is characterized by elevated total IgE, specific IgE to food antigens, and eosinophilia of tissue and blood. Because the lymphokines IL-4, IL-5, and gamma-interferon, regulate IgE synthesis, and eosinophilopoiesis in vitro, we examined whether there is an imbalance in their production in allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis. To explore this hypothesis, three adult patients with allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis were studied. Flow cytometric studies of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from these patients did not reveal evidence of T cell activation or disturbance of T cell numbers or subsets. T cells were capable of normal mitogenic activation in vitro. IL-4 and IL-5 production were markedly elevated with mitogenic stimulation. Most IL-4 and IL-5 production was by CD4+ T cells. Synthesis of IL-5 by CD4+ T lymphocytes in three patients and CD8+ T lymphocytes in two patients occurred in the absence of mitogen. Mitogen-stimulated GM-CSF and gamma-interferon synthesis by CD4+ T cells was normal. Lymphokine mRNA in total cellular RNA derived from endoscopic biopsies was examined by reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction. Mucosal biopsies from control subjects and most biopsies from allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis patients contained less than 10(-8) micrograms IL-5 mRNA/1 microgram total cellular mRNA. gamma-Interferon mRNA was not detected by reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction in biopsies from patients with allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis but was present in controls. These lymphokine abnormalities are consistent with the elevated IgE and eosinophilia seen in allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis and suggest that strategies targeting T lymphocytes may be efficacious in treatment of this disease.

Evidence for an abnormal profile of interleukin-4 (IL-4) IL-5, and γ-interferon (γ-IFN) in peripheral blood T cells from patients with allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory and thrombotic disease, in which both CD4+ T cells and platelets play important roles throughout all stages of atherogenesis CD4+ T cells are the most abundant T cells present in atherosclerotic lesions They are primarily seen as type 1 T helper (Th1) cells, while the other CD4+ T cell subsets Th2, Th17, and regulatory T (Treg) cells are also found in the lesions with lower frequencies CD4+ T effector cells release various cytokines, which exert paracrine or autocrine effects among different CD4+ T cell subsets and other lesional cells and subsequently modulate inflammatory processes in the lesions Platelets are instrumental in thrombosis and haemostasis, but also play important regulatory roles in immune response, inflammation, and angiogenesis The present review summarises the current knowledge and/or understanding on how platelets regulate recruitment, activation, differentiation, and cytokine production of different CD4+ T cell subsets, as well as impacts of the platelet- CD4+ T cell interactions on atherogenesis The research perspectives of platelet-CD4+ T cell interaction in atherosclerosis are also discussed

https://th.schattauer.de/en/contents/archive/issue/1748/manuscript/19412/download.html

CD4+ T cells in atherosclerosis: Regulation by platelets

Besides their primary role in hemostasis, platelets contain a plethora of immunomodulatory molecules that profoundly affect the entire process of wound repair. Therefore, platelet derivatives, such as platelet-rich plasma or platelet lysate, have been widely employed with promising results in the treatment of chronic wounds. Platelet derivatives provide growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines targeting resident and immigrated cells belonging to the innate and adaptive immune system. The recruitment and activation of neutrophils and macrophages is critical for pathogen clearance in the early phase of wound repair. The inflammatory response begins with the release of cytokines, such as TGF-β, aimed at damping excessive inflammation and promoting the regenerative phase of wound healing. Dysregulation of the immune system during the wound healing process leads to persistent inflammation and delayed healing, which ultimately result in chronic wound. In this review, we summarize the role of the different immune cells involved in wound healing, particularly emphasizing the function of platelet and platelet derivatives in orchestrating the immunological response.

/pdf/platelet-derivatives-and-the-immunomodulation-of-wound-2s4nyxh4.pdf

Platelet Derivatives and the Immunomodulation of Wound Healing

Activated human T cells via the CD2 or the CD3 pathways exhibited a higher capacity than resting T lymphocytes to incorporate and metabolize [3H]pafacether (paf) at 37 degrees C. Resting T lymphocytes lacked specific binding capacity for paf, yet high-affinity paf receptors (paf-R) were induced on CD3- or CD2-dependent activation. This up-regulation in the number of paf-R became apparent by day 1 of culture, reached a maximum of about 25,000 sites cell by days 4 to 6 and subsequently declined. Interestingly, human recombinant interleukin-2 in a dose-dependent manner prevented the decrease of high-affinity paf-R expression on T cells. By contrast, the receptor affinity was constant throughout the culture period. Thus, paf-R at different stages of T cell activation were indistinguishable with respect to receptor-ligand interaction, and differed only in their number. Together, these data demonstrate that after activation human T cells develop membrane high-affinity paf-binding sites. They also suggest for the first time that expression of the paf-R are coupled to T cell activation and/or differentiation.

Induction of high-affinity paf receptor expression during T cell activation.

The role of paf-acether (paf), a phospholipid cytokine, in the modulation of human B cell function was investigated. Paf, from 1 x 10(-5) M to 10(-6) M, decreased B cell proliferation induced by both phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and anti-IgM antibodies (anti-IgM Ab). By contrast, 1 x 10(-7) M to 1 x 10(-9) M paf enhanced PMA triggered, but not anti-IgM triggered B cell proliferation. B cell proliferation was modulated between 24 and 72 hr of culture indicating that the effect of paf did not merely reflect a shift in proliferation kinetics. Interestingly, paf also enhanced the spontaneous proliferation of a Burkitt lymphoma-derived B cell line, Raji, which suggests that paf can directly act on B cells. The modulatory effect of paf on peripheral blood B cells was independent of PMA concentration, yet the effect on Raji cells was dependent upon cell density. The data suggest that paf is a potent modulator of B cell function, and may be involved in the control of humoral immune response.

Immunoregulatory functions of paf-acether. VI. Dual effect on human B cell proliferation

In the present report we further explored the role of paf-acether (paf), a phospholipid cytokine, in the modulation of T cell activation induced via the CD2 and the CD3 pathways. Evidence was obtained that paf inhibited T cell proliferation induced by immobilized CD3 mAb (OKT3i), but potentiated that induced by a combination with the CD2 mAb, anti-(T11.1 + D66). Both effects were dose-dependent between 2 and 10 microM paf, and specific in that lysoPC, a phospholipid closely related to paf, had no effect. The inhibition became apparent after 48 h and was maintained up to 144 h of culture, whereas the enhancement was observed only by 96 h of culture. Interestingly, paf was able to inhibit OKT3i mAb response when added to cultures as late as 24-48 h after the initiation of a 96 h incubation. By contrast, paf enhanced the proliferative response only when added concomitantly with anti-(T11.1 + D66) mAb, suggesting that it modulates an early event of T cell activation. paf, which enhanced T cell proliferation induced via the CD2 pathway, also led to a substantial up-regulation of IL-2 secretion and CD25 expression. Moreover, paf markedly augmented IL-4 secretion upon CD2 mAb stimulation. Finally, when T cells were triggered via the CD3 molecule, paf inhibited the proliferative response but also down-modulated CD25 expression without impairing IL-2 secretion. When considered together, these data demonstrate that paf, a phospholipid cytokine released during inflammatory reactions, play a differential regulatory role in T cell activation induced via the CD3 and CD2 (T11.1 + D66) pathways.

Immunoregulatory functions of paf-acether. VI. Inhibition of T cell activation via CD3 and potentiation of T cell activation via CD2.

Foliar water uptake improves branch water potential and photosynthetic capacity in Calligonum mongolicum

Foliar water uptake and its influencing factors differ between female and male Populus euphratica

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

We encountered an error while loading the panel. Please try refreshing the page.

Something went wrong

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

Anyone with the link can view this chat. You can switch it back to private anytime.

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Jin-Long Wang

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Immunoregulatory functions of paf-acether. VI. Inhibition of T cell activation via CD3 and potentiation of T cell activation via CD2.

Foliar water uptake improves branch water potential and photosynthetic capacity in Calligonum mongolicum

Foliar water uptake and its influencing factors differ between female and male Populus euphratica