[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

In this study, we systematically investigated the effect of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) on the formation of heterogeneous microstructure and mechanical properties of Zn–1Cu alloy. The obtained results showed that both low-temperature (room temperature and 150 °C) and high-temperature (200 and 300 °C) ECAP processing with eight passes facilitate the generation of triple heterogeneous microstructure, including heterogeneous distribution of CuZn4 precipitates, η-Zn grain size, and η-Zn grain texture in the precipitates-free zones (PFZs) and precipitates zones (PZs). The major microstructural difference is that the PZs in low-temperature ECAP alloys are composed of DRX grains with weak texture, while that in high-temperature processed alloys consist of DRX grains with even stronger texture intensity than the PFZs. As both PFZs and PZs act as the soft domains, the ECAP alloy processed at low temperatures show low strength but high ductility with elongation higher than 60%. The hetero-deformation induced strengthening could be effectively activated in high-temperature processed alloys because the PZs become much stronger, which contributes to the excellent mechanical properties with high ultimate tensile strength of 231 MPa and moderate elongation of 25.9%. This work provides a unique insight into the design and preparation of Zn–Cu based alloys with tunable strength and ductility.

Effect of ECAP temperature on formation of triple heterogeneous microstructure and mechanical properties of Zn–1Cu alloy

Three Zn-based alloys (Zn1Cu, Zn2Cu, and Zn3Cu) were developed by the addition of Cu (1, 2, and 3 wt %) into commercially pure Zn. This report systematically investigates the potential for these newly developed Zn-based alloys as biodegradable materials. Microstructural studies reveal the presence of spherical-shaped nanosized precipitates of ε-CuZn4 in the Zn1Cu alloy, whereas Zn2Cu and Zn3Cu alloys exhibit the presence of both micron- and nanosized precipitates of ε-CuZn4. The mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile and compressive strengths improve significantly with an increase in the amount of Cu in the alloy. The Zn3Cu alloy exhibits the highest yield strength (225 ± 9 MPa) and ultimate tensile strength (330 ± 12 MPa) among all of the alloys, which are ∼2.7 and 2 times higher than those of pure Zn. In vitro degradation behavior is evaluated by the potentiodynamic polarization study and immersion testing in Hank's solution for 20 and 75 days. The corrosion rate after both polarization and immersion testing follows the order of pure Zn < Zn1Cu < Zn3Cu < Zn2Cu. An electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) study also concludes that Zn2Cu shows the lowest corrosion resistance. The % cell viability values of 3T3 fibroblasts cells after 5 days of culture in a 50% diluted extract of pure Zn, Zn2Cu, and Zn3Cu alloys are 76 ± 0.024, 86.18 ± 0.033, and 92.9 ± 0.026%, respectively, establishing the improved cytocompatibility of the alloys as compared to pure Zn. Furthermore, an antibacterial study also reveals that the Zn3Cu alloy exhibits 80, 67, and 100% increases in the zone of inhibition (ZOI) for Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, respectively, as compared to that of pure Zn.

Influence of Copper on the Microstructural, Mechanical, and Biological Properties of Commercially Pure Zn-Based Alloys for a Potential Biodegradable Implant.

In this study, equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) was employed as a technique to gradually increase the input of strains on Zn-xCu (x = 2, 3; wt%) alloys and investigate their work softening behavior. The microstructure and mechanical properties of Zn–Cu alloys with various processing strains were systematically characterized by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and tensile tests at room temperature. The results showed that besides η-Zn matrix refined via dynamic recrystallization (DRX), nano-sized precipitated CuZn5 particles were formed in ECAP alloy. Compared with the as-cast alloy, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1P alloy (after 1 pass of ECAP) was significantly improved to 207 MPa. However, the UTS declined with further increasing ECAP numbers. The 12P alloy (after 12 passes of ECAP) exhibited low UTS of 114 MPa but with an obviously increased elongation of 121% (from 56% of 1P), indicating that the alloy had a softening behavior with increased plastic strains. The main reason for the decline of strength was attributed to the texture weakening, the lower contribution of solid solution strengthening caused by the growth of precipitated CuZn5 phase. The higher ductility of 12P alloy was mainly ascribed from grain refinement, increased continuous DRX softening and the Zn/CuZn5 phase boundary sliding. This work provides a promising insight into the improvement of softening behavior for Zn–Cu based alloys. 

Revealing the abnormal softening mechanisms of Zn-xCu (x=2, 3) wrought alloys by gradually increasing ECAP numbers

Banded structure with alternately arranged ultra-fine η-Zn + Mg2Zn11 bands and ultra-fine η-Zn + CuZn5 bands was obtained in Zn–3Cu–1Mg (wt.%) alloy after multi-pass equal channel angular pressing (ECAP). Owing to the effective heterogeneous deformation-induced (HDI) strengthening and hardening from soft η-Zn + CuZn5 and hard η-Zn + Mg2Zn11 domains, the ECAP alloys exhibited outstanding mechanical properties with ultimate tensile strength of 388–415 MPa, and fracture elongation of 29.2–63.0%. 

A high strength and ductility Zn–Cu–Mg alloy achieved by bandlike distribution of ultra-fine CuZn5 and Mg2Zn11 particles

Among degradable metal cardiac stent materials, zinc has great biocompatibility and corrosion properties, which make it become the most potential stent material. However, the mechanical properties of zinc cannot meet the performance requirements of stent material which severely limit its application. In this paper, Zn-xCu (x = 1, 2 and 3 wt.%) alloys were prepared, and their mechanical properties, corrosion properties and biocompatibility were studied. Tensile testing showed the tensile strength and hardness of Zn-xCu alloys both increased with the addition of copper, but the elongation decreased at first and then upturned. Since the formation of galvanic cell, the corrosion rates of Zn-xCu alloys increased. The main corrosion mechanism of Zn-xCu alloy was pitting corrosion, and the corrosion products mainly included ZnO and Zn(OH)2. The cytotoxicity evaluation showed that Cu2+ and Zn2+ would contribute to cell proliferation, while the concentrations of them reached a suitable range like the concentration of soaking solution of Zn-3Cu alloy was 25%. However, it would inhibit proliferation, while the concentrations of Zn2+ and Cu2+ were too large. In general, Zn-3Cu alloy had the best comprehensive properties.

Preparation and Properties of Zn-Cu Alloy for Potential Stent Material

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Preparation and Properties of Zn-Cu Alloy for Potential Stent Material