After two decades of research and development, elliptic curve cryptography now has widespread exposure and acceptance. Industry, banking, and government standards are in place to facilitate extensive deployment of this efficient public-key mechanism. Anchored by a comprehensive treatment of the practical aspects of elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), this guide explains the basic mathematics, describes state-of-the-art implementation methods, and presents standardized protocols for public-key encryption, digital signatures, and key establishment. In addition, the book addresses some issues that arise in software and hardware implementation, as well as side-channel attacks and countermeasures. Readers receive the theoretical fundamentals as an underpinning for a wealth of practical and accessible knowledge about efficient application. Features & Benefits: * Breadth of coverage and unified, integrated approach to elliptic curve cryptosystems * Describes important industry and government protocols, such as the FIPS 186-2 standard from the U.S. National Institute for Standards and Technology * Provides full exposition on techniques for efficiently implementing finite-field and elliptic curve arithmetic* Distills complex mathematics and algorithms for easy understanding* Includes useful literature references, a list of algorithms, and appendices on sample parameters, ECC standards, and software toolsThis comprehensive, highly focused reference is a useful and indispensable resource for practitioners, professionals, or researchers in computer science, computer engineering, network design, and network data security.

https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/cryptography/Hankerson,%20Menezes,%20Vanstone.%20Guide%20to%20elliptic%20curve%20cryptography%20(Springer,%202004)(ISBN%20038795273X)(332s)_CsCr_.pdf

Guide to Elliptic Curve Cryptography

The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) is the elliptic curve analogue of the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA). It was accepted in 1999 as an ANSI standard and in 2000 as IEEE and NIST standards. It was also accepted in 1998 as an ISO standard and is under consideration for inclusion in some other ISO standards. Unlike the ordinary discrete logarithm problem and the integer factorization problem, no subexponential-time algorithm is known for the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem. For this reason, the strength-per-key-bit is substantially greater in an algorithm that uses elliptic curves. This paper describes the ANSI X9.62 ECDSA, and discusses related security, implementation, and interoperability issues.

/pdf/the-elliptic-curve-digital-signature-algorithm-ecdsa-33tvnr4ena.pdf

The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA)

A secure data interchange system enables information about bilateral and multilateral interactions between multiple persistent parties to be exchanged and leveraged within an environment that uses a combination of techniques to control access to information, release of information, and matching of information back to parties. Access to data records can be controlled using an associated price rule. A data owner can specify a price for different types and amounts of information access.

Secure data interchange

We show that if the private exponent d used in the RSA public-key cryptosystem is less than N then the system is insecure. This is the first improvement over an old result of Wiener showing that when d < N the RSA system is insecure. We hope our approach can be used to eventually improve the bound to d < N.

Advances in Cryptology — EUROCRYPT ’99

We present the first known implementation of elliptic curve cryptography over F/sub 2p/ for sensor networks based on the 8-bit, 7.3828-MHz MICA2 mote. Through instrumentation of UC Berkeley's TinySec module, we argue that, although secret-key cryptography has been tractable in this domain for some time, there has remained a need for an efficient, secure mechanism for distribution of secret keys among nodes. Although public-key infrastructure has been thought impractical, we argue, through analysis of our own implementation for TinyOS of multiplication of points on elliptic curves, that public-key infrastructure is, in fact, viable for TinySec keys' distribution, even on the MICA2. We demonstrate that public keys can be generated within 34 seconds, and that shared secrets can be distributed among nodes in a sensor network within the same, using just over 1 kilobyte of SRAM and 34 kilobytes of ROM.

/pdf/a-public-key-infrastructure-for-key-distribution-in-tinyos-328hooh214.pdf

A public-key infrastructure for key distribution in TinyOS based on elliptic curve cryptography

It has become increasingly common to implement discrete-logarithm based public-key protocols on elliptic curves over finite fields. The basic operation is scalar multiplication: taking a given integer multiple of a given point on the curve. The cost of the protocols depends on that of the elliptic scalar multiplication operation. Koblitz introduced a family of curves which admit especially fast elliptic scalar multiplication. His algorithm was later modified by Meier and Staffelbach. We give an improved version of the algorithm which runs 50% faster than any previous version. It is based on a new kind of representation of an integer, analogous to certain kinds of binary expansions. We also outline further speedups using precomputation and storage.

An improved algorithm for arithmetic on a family of elliptic curves

It has become increasingly common to implement discrete-logarithm based public-key protocols on elliptic curves over finite fields. The basic operation is scalar multiplication: taking a given integer multiple of a given point on the curve. The cost of the protocols depends on that of the elliptic scalar multiplication operation.

/pdf/an-improved-algorithm-for-arithmetic-on-a-family-of-elliptic-5912bym64f.pdf

An Improved Algorithm for Arithmetic on a Family of Elliptic Curves

A method of generating and verifying a digital signature by selecting an elliptic curve; selecting a point G; generating x and M; reducing x; generating a base tau expansion, in non-adjacent form, of the reduced x; multiplying G by the expansion; computing h=Hash(M); generating k; reducing k; generating a base tau expansion, in non-adjacent form, of the reduced k; multiplying G by the expansion of k to form K=(K x ,K y ); computing R=(K x mod q); returning to the step of generating k if R=0, otherwise computing S=(k{circumflex over ( )}−1)(h+xR); returning to the step of generating k if S=0, otherwise transmitting y, q, M, R, and S; receiving y, q, M, R, and S; proceeding with the next step if 0<R<q and 0<S<q, otherwise not verifying the digital signature and stopping; forming h=Hash(M); computing f=((S{circumflex over ( )}−1) mod q), b=(hf mod q), and t=(Rf mod q); reducing b and t; generating a base tau expansion, in non-adjacent form, of the reduced b; multiplies G by the result of the last step to form a point B; reduces t; generates a base tau expansion, in non-adjacent form, of the reduced b and t; multiplying G by the expansion of t; computing V=B+T, where V=(V x ,V y ); computing v=(V x mod q); and verifying the digital signature if v=R, otherwise not verifying the digital signature.

Method of elliptic curve cryptographic digital signature generation and verification using reduced base tau expansion in non-adjacent form

A method of cryptographic key exchange by two users agreeing on an elliptic curve of the form y 2 +xy=x 3 +ax 2 +1, where “a” is a member of a field F 2 , where the elliptic curve is defined over a field F 2 m, where m is an integer; agreeing on a point G as the base point of the elliptic curve, where the point G is of order q, and where q is an integer; generating a private integer x A by a first user; reducing x A by mod (τ m −1) in the form of w+zτ by the first user; generating a base tau expansion, in non-adjacent form, of the modular reduced x A by the first user; multiplying G by the base tau expansion of the modular reduced x A ; transmitting the product to the second user; receiving, by the first user, a value y B from the second user that is based on a private integer x B of the second user, where the received value is computed in a similar manner as was the product transmitted to the second user; multiplying, by the first user, x A by the value received from the second user in order to form a common secret point; multiplying, by the second user, x B by the value received from the first user in order to form the common secret point; and the two users each deriving the same cryptographic key from the common secret point

Method of elliptic curve cryptographic key exchange using reduced base tau expansion in non-adjacent form

A method of identifying user, generating digital signature, and verifying digital signature by selecting a modulus p in the form of p=(2dk−2ck−1)/r, p=(2dk−2(d−1)k+2(d−2)k− . . . −2k+1)/r, p=(2dk−2ck−1)/r, p=(2dk−2ck+1)/r, and p=(24k−23k+22k+1)/r, selecting an elliptic curve E and an order q; selecting a basepoint G; generating a private key w; generating a public key W=wG; distributing p, E, q, G, and W to at least a prover, a verifier, and a signer; generating the prover's private key wp and public key Wp=wpG; retrieving the prover's public key Wp; generating a private integer kp; combining kp and G to form K using p; sending K to the verifier; sending a challenge integer c to the prover; combining c, kp, and wp to form a response integer v; sending v to the verifier; combining cG, K, and Wp using p and checking to see if the combination is equal to vG. If not so, stop. Otherwise, generating, by the signer, the signer's private key ws; generating a private integer ks; combining ks and G to form K using p; combining K and a message M to form an integer h; combining h, ks, and ws to form an integer s; sending M and (K,s) as a digital signature of M; retrieving Wp; receiving M and (K,s); combining K and M to form an integer h; and combining h, K, and Wp using p and checking to see if the combination is equal to sG. If so, the digital signature is verified.

Cryptographic identification and digital signature method using efficient elliptic curve

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