A short course in cloud physics

https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS-94-7-0796

The Uniqueness of the Soybean Rust Pathosystem: An Improved Understanding of the Risk in Different Regions of the World.

Plant Pathology: Problems and Progress, 1908-1958

Movement of Bioaerosols in the Atmosphere and the Consequences for Climate and Microbial Evolution

Urediniospores of Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the soybean rust fungus, have a high probability of being removed from a soybean leaf by water runoff associated with subsequent rainfall after wet deposition. The effects of rainfall intensity, subsequent spore-free rainfall duration, and soybean leaf sample height on uredinia density were used to evaluate the retention of urediniospores on soybean leaf tissue. Rainfall simulations of 45 and 85 mm/h were conducted on potted soybean plants that were inoculated with 2 min of urediniospore-injected simulated rainfall and exposed to 0, 1, and 30 min of subsequent spore-free rainfall. Urediniospore retention was estimated using uredinia density values obtained from a detached leaf bioassay for the sample heights of soil level, mid-canopy, and upper-canopy. Soil level leaflets inoculated with the 45 mm/h rainfall intensity treatment had a higher (P < 0.01) mean number of uredinia/cm2 than the 85 mm/h treatment, even though they were inoculated with approximatel...

https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS-01-10-0068

Removal of Wet Deposited Phakopsora pachyrhizi Urediniospores from Soybean Leaves by Subsequent Rainfall

Using models from atmospheric chemistry and physics, this study examined the wet deposition of single uredospores of soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi associated with rainfall and its importance compared with dry deposition. First, a measurement of the terminal velocity of freshly collected P. pachyrhizi uredospores was conducted in Nanning, China. The observed terminal velocities associated with different sizes of the uredospore clumps were fitted by negative exponential models. The average terminal velocity of single uredospores (0.0187 m s−1) determined by the fitted models was used to estimate the dry deposition. The wet deposition of single uredospores associated with different rainfall rates was determined numerically using coupled models, in which raindrop capture efficiency of uredospores was based on Slinn’s semi-empirical model. The results showed that at a rainfall rate of 0.5 mm h−1, wet deposition can remove 50% of the single uredospores in the air within 1 h. If the rainfall rate is 5 mm h−1, 10 min is sufficient to remove 50% of the uredospores. The dry deposition of the single uredospores was estimated with simplified scenarios: i.e., assuming the uredospore cloud was continuously from 1,000 to 2,000 m in height above a field with a uniform concentration. In the first 16 h, almost no uredospores reached the ground, while the wet deposition caused by 2 mm h−1 rainfall within 30 min was even much greater than dry deposition of 24 h duration. The comparisons indicated that the wet deposition of soybean rust uredospores was much more efficient than the dry deposition.

Estimation of soybean rust uredospore terminal velocity, dry deposition, and the wet deposition associated with rainfall

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Estimation of soybean rust uredospore terminal velocity, dry deposition, and the wet deposition associated with rainfall