Gut microbiota play an important role in maintaining intestinal health and are involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids. Recent studies have shown that the central nervous system (CNS) and enteric nervous system (ENS) can interact with gut microbiota to regulate nutrient metabolism. The vagal nerve system communicates between the CNS and ENS to control gastrointestinal tract functions and feeding behavior. Vagal afferent neurons also express receptors for gut peptides that are secreted from enteroendocrine cells (EECs), such as cholecystokinin (CCK), ghrelin, leptin, peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin). Gut microbiota can regulate levels of these gut peptides to influence the vagal afferent pathway and thus regulate intestinal metabolism via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. In addition, bile acids, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), and Immunoglobulin A (IgA) can also exert metabolic control through the microbiota-gut-liver axis. This review is mainly focused on the role of gut microbiota in neuroendocrine regulation of nutrient metabolism via the microbiota-gut-brain-liver axis.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/8/4/527/pdf

Role of Gut Microbiota in Neuroendocrine Regulation of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism via the Microbiota-Gut-Brain-Liver Axis.

Structure, preparation, modification, and bioactivities of β-glucan and mannan from yeast cell wall: A review.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, the incidence of which has rapidly increased worldwide, especially in developing and Western countries. Recent research has suggested that genetic factors, the environment, microbiota, and immune responses are involved in the pathogenesis; however, the underlying causes of IBD are unclear. Recently, gut microbiota dysbiosis, especially a decrease in the abundance and diversity of specific genera, has been suggested as a trigger for IBD-initiating events. Improving the gut microbiota and identifying the specific bacterial species in IBD are essential for understanding the pathogenesis and treatment of IBD and autoimmune diseases. Here, we review the different aspects of the role played by gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of IBD and provide a theoretical basis for modulating gut microbiota through probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and microbial metabolites.

/pdf/inflammatory-bowel-diseases-and-gut-microbiota-1snr6uf3.pdf

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Gut Microbiota

Identification of the core active structure of a Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide and its protective effect against dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis via alleviating gut microbiota dysbiosis.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, multifactorial and inflammatory disease occurring in the colon tract. Bioactive polysaccharides from natural resources have attracted extensive attention due to their safety, accessibility and good bioactivities. In recent years, a variety of natural bioactive polysaccharides have been proven to possess anti-inflammatory effects on treating acute colitis. The objective of this review was to give an up-to-date review on the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of natural polysaccharides on acute colitis. The anti-inflammatory effects of natural polysaccharides on acute colitis concerning clinical symptoms amelioration, colon tissue repairment, anti-oxidative stress alleviation, anti-inflammation, immune regulation, and gut microbiota modulation were comprehensively summarized. In addition, inducible murine models for assessing the anti-inflammatory effects of natural polysaccharides on acute colitis were also concluded. This review will offer the comprehensive understanding of anti-inflammatory mechanisms of natural polysaccharides in acute colitis, and render theoretical basis for the development and application of natural polysaccharides in drug and functional food.

Current advances in the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of natural polysaccharides.

BACKGROUND β-Glucans (BGs), a group of complex dietary polysaccharides (CDPs), are available as dietary supplements. However, the effects of orally administered highly purified BGs on gut inflammation are largely unknown. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of orally administering highly purified, yeast-derived BG (YBG; β-1,3/1,6-d-glucan) on susceptibility to colitis. METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6 (B6) mice were used in a series of experiments. Experiment (Expt) 1: male and female mice were treated every day, for 40 d, with saline (control) or 250 μg YBG, followed by 2.5% (wt:vol) dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water during days 30-35; and colitis severity and intestinal immune phenotype were determined. Expt 2: female B6 mice were treated with saline or YBG for 30 d and intestinal immune phenotype, gut microbiota composition, and fecal SCFA concentrations were determined. Expt 3: female B6 mice were treated as in Expt 2, given drinking water with or without antibiotics [Abx; ampicillin (1 g/L), vancomycin (0.5 g/L), neomycin (1 g/L), and metronidazole (1 g/L)] during days 16-30, and gut immune phenotype and fecal SCFA concentrations were determined. Expt 4: female B6 Foxp3-green fluorescent protein (-GFP) reporter mice were treated as in Expt 3, and intestinal T-regulatory cell (Treg) frequencies and immune phenotypes were determined. Expt 5: female mice were treated as in Expt 1, given drinking water with or without antibiotics during days 16-40, and colitis severity and intestinal cytokine production were determined. RESULTS Compared with controls, the YBG group in Expt 1 exhibited suppressive effects on features of colitis, such as loss of body weight (by 47%; P  100%; P < 0.01) and colonic inflammation score (by 42%; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Studies using B6 mice show that dietary BGs are beneficial for promoting intestinal health when the gut microbiota is intact. However, these CDPs may produce adverse effects if gut microbiota is compromised.

/pdf/pretreatment-with-yeast-derived-complex-dietary-32y7hw4wr6.pdf

Pretreatment with Yeast-Derived Complex Dietary Polysaccharides Suppresses Gut Inflammation, Alters the Microbiota Composition, and Increases Immune Regulatory Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production in C57BL/6 Mice

β-Glucans, a group of complex non-digestible polysaccharides, are considered to have beneficial health effects due to their immune modulatory properties and are being widely used as dietary supplements. Prebiotic properties of these polysaccharides in promoting intestinal health are also being recognized. Therefore, we assessed the impact of oral administration of high-pure yeast β-glucan (YBG) on the susceptibility to colitis, gut immune function, composition of gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. We show that prolonged pre-treatment with YBG diminishes the severity of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. YBG consumption, compared to untreated controls, results in increased regulatory T cell (Treg) frequencies in the gut mucosa, a shift in the abundance of gut microbiota towards polysaccharide-fermenting bacterial phyla, and higher production of SCFA. Depletion of gut microbiota in YBG-fed mice using broad spectrum antibiotics not only eliminated SCFA production and increased Treg frequencies, but also profoundly enhanced the pro-inflammatory response in the colon and susceptibility to colitis. Overall, our study demonstrates that oral consumption of high-pure BG promotes a healthy gut, immune regulation, minimizes susceptibility to colitis in a microbiota- and SCFA-dependent manner. On the contrary, YBG-consumption when the gut mucosa and microbiota are compromised can reverse this protection and increase the susceptibility to gut inflammation and disease.

https://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2019/07/30/719112.full-text.pdf

Impact of oral administration of yeast derived complex dietary-polysaccharide on gut inflammation, microbiota composition, and short-chain fatty acid production

Background β-Glucans (BGs), a group of complex non-digestible polysaccharides, are considered to have beneficial health effects due to their immune modulatory properties and are considered as dietary supplements. However, the impact of oral administration of high-pure, well-defined BGs on gut inflammation, and the influence of intestinal microbiota and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) on the therapeutic effect are largely unknown. Objectives The aim of this study, using a mouse model of chemical induced colitis, was to investigate the impact of oral administration of high-pure yeast BG (YBG) on the susceptibility to colitis, gut immune function, and structure and function of microbiota. Methods To determine the impact of oral administration of YBG on colitis susceptibility, eight week old C57BL/6 (B6) mice were pre-treated with YBG (250 μg/mouse/day) and given dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water (2.5% w/v) and examined for the symptoms and features of colitis. To assess the effect of oral administration of YBG on gut mucosa and microbiota structure and function, and gut immune regulation, we determined the microbiota composition, fecal SCFA levels, and intestinal T cell phenotype and cytokine secretion. The role of gut microbiota in YBG treatment induced modulation of gut inflammation and immune function were determined in B6 mice treated with broad-spectrum antibiotic cocktail (1 g/L ampicillin, 0.5 g/L vancomycin, 1 g/L neomycin, and 1 g/L metronidazole) in drinking water. Results Compared to untreated mice, B6 mice that received prolonged pre-treatment with YBG showed diminished severity of different features of DSS-induced colitis including overall loss of body weight (P Conclusions Oral consumption of high-pure BG promotes a healthy gut homeostasis and immune regulation, and minimizes susceptibility to DSS induced colitis in B6 mice in a microbiota (and microbial SCFA) - dependent manner. On the contrary, YBG consumption when gut mucosa and microbiota are compromised not only reverses this protection but also increases the susceptibility to gut inflammation and disease severity, perhaps through its direct interaction with gut immune cells. In conclusion, while YBG consumption may be beneficial for gut health and to prevent gut inflammation in healthy individuals and under intact microbiota, this immune stimulatory dietary supplement may not have any health benefits in individuals with active gut inflammation and could cause adverse effect in those who are on oral antibiotics.

/pdf/pretreatment-with-yeast-derived-complex-dietary-3nxtnrgjzx.pdf

Pretreatment with yeast derived complex dietary-polysaccharide leads to suppressed gut inflammation, altered microbiota composition and increased immune regulatory short-chain fatty acid production in C57BL/6 mice

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Pretreatment with Yeast-Derived Complex Dietary Polysaccharides Suppresses Gut Inflammation, Alters the Microbiota Composition, and Increases Immune Regulatory Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production in C57BL/6 Mice

Impact of oral administration of yeast derived complex dietary-polysaccharide on gut inflammation, microbiota composition, and short-chain fatty acid production

Pretreatment with yeast derived complex dietary-polysaccharide leads to suppressed gut inflammation, altered microbiota composition and increased immune regulatory short-chain fatty acid production in C57BL/6 mice