The 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics can be understood as a global recognition to the rapid development of the Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR), from both the physics and engineering points of view. Behind the utilization of GMR structures as read heads for massive storage magnetic hard disks, important applications as solid state magnetic sensors have emerged. Low cost, compatibility with standard CMOS technologies and high sensitivity are common advantages of these sensors. This way, they have been successfully applied in a lot different environments. In this work, we are trying to collect the Spanish contributions to the progress of the research related to the GMR based sensors covering, among other subjects, the applications, the sensor design, the modelling and the electronic interfaces, focusing on electrical current sensing applications.

/pdf/magnetic-field-sensors-based-on-giant-magnetoresistance-gmr-2x7wwa6mz1.pdf

Magnetic Field Sensors Based on Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) Technology: Applications in Electrical Current Sensing.

Electronic skins (e-skins) have established themselves as a versatile technology to restore or enhance human perception, and potentially enable softer robotics. So far, the focus has been mostly on reproducing the traditional functions associated with human skin, such as, temperature, pressure, and chemical detection. New developments have also introduced nonstandard sensing capabilities like magnetic field detection, to spawn the field of magnetosensitive e-skins. Adding a supplementary information channel—an electronic sixth sense—allows humans to utilize the surrounding magnetic fields as stimuli for touchless interactions. Due to their vectorial nature, these stimuli can be used to track motion and orientation in 3D, opening the door to various kinds of gestural control for interactive devices. This approach to tracking provides an alternative or complement to optic-based systems, which usually rely on cameras or infrared emitters, that cannot easily capture fine motion when objects are far from the source or the line-of-sight is obtruded. Here, the background, fabrication techniques, and recent advances of this field are reviewed; covering important aspects like: directional perception, geomagnetic field detection, on-site conditioning, and multimodal approaches. The aim is to give the reader a general perspective and highlight some new avenues of research, toward artificial magnetoception.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/adfm.202007788

Magnetosensitive E‐Skins for Interactive Devices

The capacitance variation of capacitive accelerometer as a function of vibratory movement relative frequency is presented using a developed model validated by simulation and experimental tests. The damping rate effect on accelerometer capacitance variation is studied for four damping rate values. The first value is that of accelerometer used in the experimental tests, the second and third are taken from the recent works and the fourth is the value proposed in this work. A comparative study has been made to mount our improvements on the capacitive accelerometer performances by the comparison between the proposed accelerometers in the recent works. Finally, a new capacitive accelerometer with improved parameters is proposed having many benefits over the existing accelerometers. These benefits are: appropriate choice of damping rate (equal to 0.68), very low measurement error (limited to 0.5%), high accuracy (equal to 99.5%), low consumption of electrical energy and high sensitivity and reliability.

Parameters improvement and suggestion of new design of capacitive accelerometer

In the present paper, a mathematical model suitable for capacitive accelerometer is developed by applying the fundamental principle of dynamics and validated by simulation and experiment test. This model aims to visualize the capacitance variation of the accelerometer as a function of relative movement frequency. The main motivation key role of this paper is to propose a capacitive accelerometer with improved parameters. Therefore, in capacitive detection, the damping rate choice is directly influenced by the variation in capacitance; for this purpose, a comparative study of three damping rates is carried out. The first accelerometer is used in practical tests, the second is presented and studied in recent literature, and the third is the accelerometer proposed in this work.

Enhancement of capacitive accelerometer operation by parameters improvement

The world is currently moving forward in a faster technological advancements, innovations and researches. This has helped in improving the lives of mankind to a wider perspective. Latest technologies in drones and various sensors have helped in various object-detection methods fulfilling the necessary requirements. Drones are widely used in today’s world for many purposes. This include capturing live data as live monitoring systems which are being used by the police or military forces in safeguarding and protecting the areas under their control. Hence it is used as surveillance device. It is also used by event management teams for capturing photo and videos of the function like marriages, stage shows and so on. This paper focuses on improvements in accident detection and reporting methods so as to ensure faster, accurate and less human intervened or human less accident reporting model and hence proposes an algorithm for implementing the model so as to make the accident reporting without the need for police man to be available in the accident scene hence making the system fully autonomous. This will in fact make the accident reporting system more hassle-free and easier for the police and also for the victim who is part of an accident as there is no need for making calls to report accidents to the police and also no need for the presence of a physical policeman at the accident spot.

Conformity of Accident Detection Using Drones and Vibration Sensor

Up to now, vibrations have mostly been sensed by measuring displacement, velocity, and acceleration. The most common types of vibration sensors are piezoelectric, capacitive, null-balance, strain gage, optoelectronic, resonance beam, and piezoresistive. We present a low-cost and low-power vibration detector based on the measurement of magnetic field variations induced in a recent SS501 giant magnetoresistance (GMR) magnetic sensor, for which has never been applied. Vibrations on small ferromagnetic pieces disturb the Earth's magnetic field. These weak perturbations can be detected and measured over the assumed constant Earth's magnetic field, which is uniform over a wide area. A novel array configuration of three half-bridge GMR sensors powered in chain is used to measure magnetic field variations in the X-, Y-, and Z-axis with a very low power consumption. This paper includes a characterization of the novel GMR sensors and describes the practical design and implementation of a vibration detector. Two examples demonstrate the utility of these sensors: one for measuring the rotating speed of a small drilling machine and its vibrations at different speeds (in revolutions per minute) and the other one for measuring the characteristic 440-Hz vibration of a tuning fork (A key), which is used to tune musical instruments. The results are shown and discussed.

Vibration Detector Based on GMR Sensors

The objective is to obtain an embedded system using a microcontroller that will communicate with other devices over a specific protocol (SENSLOG) over TCP/IP for sensors applications. The protocol has been designed for this application, but the commands are generic. They can be used for any type of sensing. We must take into account that this program will run in a microcontroller and it will communicate with another program running in a PC. The protocol is based on commands, like SMTP. From the PC we will send commands to the microcontroller to do specific tasks, and if it is necessary, the microcontroller will answer to the PC. Some of the functions designed for this protocol are: to control two digital output for general purpose, to read the value of the ADC input and send it to the PC, to modify other program variables with the new value that arrives (physical address, IP address, TCP port, margins of sensor , etc), reset and restore default values.

Specific protocol (SENSLOG) over TCP/IP for sensors applications

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Vibration Detector Based on GMR Sensors

Specific protocol (SENSLOG) over TCP/IP for sensors applications