Viable tumour-derived epithelial cells (circulating tumour cells or CTCs) have been identified in peripheral blood from cancer patients and are probably the origin of intractable metastatic disease. Although extremely rare, CTCs represent a potential alternative to invasive biopsies as a source of tumour tissue for the detection, characterization and monitoring of non-haematologic cancers. The ability to identify, isolate, propagate and molecularly characterize CTC subpopulations could further the discovery of cancer stem cell biomarkers and expand the understanding of the biology of metastasis. Current strategies for isolating CTCs are limited to complex analytic approaches that generate very low yield and purity. Here we describe the development of a unique microfluidic platform (the 'CTC-chip') capable of efficient and selective separation of viable CTCs from peripheral whole blood samples, mediated by the interaction of target CTCs with antibody (EpCAM)-coated microposts under precisely controlled laminar flow conditions, and without requisite pre-labelling or processing of samples. The CTC-chip successfully identified CTCs in the peripheral blood of patients with metastatic lung, prostate, pancreatic, breast and colon cancer in 115 of 116 (99%) samples, with a range of 5-1,281 CTCs per ml and approximately 50% purity. In addition, CTCs were isolated in 7/7 patients with early-stage prostate cancer. Given the high sensitivity and specificity of the CTC-chip, we tested its potential utility in monitoring response to anti-cancer therapy. In a small cohort of patients with metastatic cancer undergoing systemic treatment, temporal changes in CTC numbers correlated reasonably well with the clinical course of disease as measured by standard radiographic methods. Thus, the CTC-chip provides a new and effective tool for accurate identification and measurement of CTCs in patients with cancer. It has broad implications in advancing both cancer biology research and clinical cancer management, including the detection, diagnosis and monitoring of cancer.

/pdf/isolation-of-rare-circulating-tumour-cells-in-cancer-13vvl01zdm.pdf

Isolation of rare circulating tumour cells in cancer patients by microchip technology.

Modeling Low Reynolds Number Incompressible Flows Using SPH

The literature was searched for experiments and theories related to low-Reynolds-number flow through fibrous porous media, particularly highly porous structures. Experimental data were found for a wide range of materials, from polymer chains to fiberglass, and the results collapse reasonably well when the appropriate dimensionless co-ordinates are employed. Of the theories, accurate solutions of Stokes equation are available for regular arrays of parallel rods, either aligned with or normal to the flow. For irregular arrays and three-dimensional media, approximate permeabilities can be calculated from several flow models.

The permeability of fibrous porous media

http://www.gotrawama.eu/Fonderia/Modeling%20Melt%20Convection%20in%20Phase-FieldBeckermann.pdf

Regular Article: Modeling Melt Convection in Phase-Field Simulations of Solidification

An investigation of the permeability for viscous flow through random fiber structures used as preforms in composite fabrication processes is presented. A method derived from the electrical conduction principles is employed to predict the viscous permeability of the fiber structures directly from their formation factor, specific surface area, and porosity. The recent Brownian diffusion random-walk simulation results on the molecular survival time are used to derive an upper bound and an approximation to the viscous permeability of these structures. The results are compared to experimental data and theoretical models of the literature. It is found that the conduction-based method provides very good permeability estimates in most cases, resulting in an overall ratio of the theoretical prediction to experimental measurement in the proximity of 1 for the over 500 experimental points utilized. This is one of the most comprehensive experimental validations of the conduction-based method to date and its first val...

Viscous Permeability of Random Fiber Structures: Comparison of Electrical and Diffusional Estimates with Experimental and Analytical Results

Laminar viscous flow through regular arrays of parallel solid cylinders

Kind of Kin (review)

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Laminar viscous flow through regular arrays of parallel solid cylinders

Kind of Kin (review)