Data exfiltration

This article presents a novel data encryption technique suitable for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The cryptosystem is based on the application of a Catalan object (as a cryptographic key) that provides encryption based on combinatorial structures with noncrossing or nonnested matching. The experimental part of this article includes a comparative analysis of the proposed encryption method with the Catalan numbers and data encryption standard (DES) algorithm, which is performed with machine learning-based identification of the encryption method using ciphertext only. These tests showed that it is much more difficult to recognize ciphertext generated with the Catalan method than one made with the DES algorithm. System reliability depends on the quality of the key, therefore, statistical testing proposed by National Institute of Standards and Technology was also performed. Twelve standard tests, the approximate entropy measurement, and random digression complexity analysis are applied in order to evaluate the quality of the generated Catalan key. A proposal for applying this method in e-Health IoT is also given. Possibilities of applying this method in the IoT applications for smart cities data storage and processing are provided.

Data Encryption for Internet of Things Applications Based on Catalan Objects and Two Combinatorial Structures

Internet of Things (IoT) as a ubiquitous paradigm is a new concept in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and has the ability to connect wireless and mobile embedded devices and things to the Internet. IoT is emerging as a key component of the Internet and a vital infrastructure for millions of smart and interconnected objects that are potentially vulnerable to different attacks. Thus, the security of resource-constrained devices in IoT is highly important. As an important solution, cryptographic algorithms are used to provide confidentiality and integrity of the transmitted data between the sender and receiver. Hence, this paper proposes a new hybrid cryptographic algorithm based on Rivest cipher (RC4), Elliptic-Curve Cryptography (ECC), and Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-256) to protect sensitive information in IoT-based smart irrigation systems. In this paper, the RC4 key is encrypted by the ECC algorithm, and the output of this encryption process is transformed to SHA-256 for hashing and generating enigmatic data. SHA-256 algorithm encrypts RC4 based cipher text to improve data integrity. Comprehensive analysis and simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme is secure to various known attacks such as the Man-in-the-middle (MiM) attack, and has a better performance than other cryptographic algorithms. Also, the obtained results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed model and robustness in order to confidentiality based on analyzing secrecy.

Improving the security of internet of things using cryptographic algorithms: a case of smart irrigation systems

The increasing proliferation of distributed energy resources (DERs) on the smart grid has made distributed solar and wind two key contributors to the expanding attack surface of the network; however, there is a lack of proper understanding and enforcement of DER communications security requirements. With vendors employing proprietary methods to mitigate hosts of attacks, the literature currently lacks a clear organization of the protocol-level vulnerabilities, attacks, and solutions mapped to each layer of the logical model such as the OSI stack. To bridge this gap and pave the way for future research by the authors in determining key DER security requirements, this paper conducts a comprehensive review of the key vulnerabilities, attacks, and potential solutions for solar and wind DERs at the protocol level. In doing so, this paper serves as a starting point for utilities, vendors, aggregators, and other industry stakeholders to develop a clear understanding of the DER security challenges and solutions, which are key precursors to comprehending security requirements.

/pdf/a-survey-of-protocol-level-challenges-and-solutions-for-1xjo0v3o28.pdf

A Survey of Protocol-Level Challenges and Solutions for Distributed Energy Resource Cyber-Physical Security

At present, the standardisation of electrical equipment communications is on the rise. In particular, manufacturers are releasing equipment for the smart grid endowed with communication protocols such as DNP3, IEC 61850, and MODBUS. However, there are legacy equipment operating in the electricity distribution network that cannot communicate using any of these protocols. Thus, we propose an infrastructure to allow the integration of legacy electrical equipment to smart grids by using wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this infrastructure, each legacy electrical device is connected to a sensor node, and the sink node runs a middleware that enables the integration of this device into a smart grid based on suitable communication protocols. This middleware performs tasks such as the translation of messages between the power substation control centre (PSCC) and electrical equipment in the smart grid. Moreover, the infrastructure satisfies certain requirements for communication between the electrical equipment and the PSCC, such as enhanced security, short response time, and automatic configuration. The paper’s contributions include a solution that enables electrical companies to integrate their legacy equipment into smart-grid networks relying on any of the above mentioned communication protocols. This integration will reduce the costs related to the modernisation of power substations.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1312/pdf

Infrastructure for Integration of Legacy Electrical Equipment into a Smart-Grid Using Wireless Sensor Networks.

Currently for a secured communication to take place it has become important to use cryptography on both the sides i.e. encrypting data at sender’s side later followed by decryption processes at the receiver’s side. It is difficult to provide security against the attackers, since they can easily get the significant data by uncovering the encryption key. A lot of algorithms are being expounded for providing data security and most of these algorithms use random key generations, and perform arithmetic operations with the key. This paper puts forward a new encryption/decryption algorithm that is based on the ASCII, Binary-Bit sequence and further uses the XOR operation. It insinuates encryption at compound stages and the key is imparted by the user. In the proposed algorithm, the original data will be encrypted at multiple stages and a key will be made use for encryption of plaintext to cipher text; next same key will be put to use for decryption of cipher to plain text. The proposed algorithm comes under the category of Symmetric key algorithms.

Proposing an Encryption/ Decryption Scheme for IoT Communications using Binary-bit Sequence and Multistage Encryption

The rapid amplifying improvement in the field of Internet control gives rise to an imminent vision where different sectors even in industries are advancing towards the fields in where clients, processing systems, control and instrumentation units or any other systems possess logic and triggering competence, which collaborate with extraordinary expediency and provide reasonable advances This is the part of the cause that the Industrial sector is formulating a turnover in the field of Internet of Things (IoT) where communications between devices is through the Internet in broad and thus as a result of this technological breakthrough, even the Power Plant sectors can behold remotely controlled operations in addition to remotely monitored operations without the physical location being an essential to control and monitor these Power Plants Since security is going to be an elementary factor here, methods must be formulated to safeguard such communications in control systems while they transmit data through Internet (Public Channels) This paper proposes using RSA and DES encryption techniques in order to encrypt data frames to take in consideration the security issues The data used is provided by NTPC, India and the simulation is performed using MATLAB

A secure IoT-based power plant control using RSA and DES encryption techniques in data link layer

The present time has witnessed a tremendous increase in communications over wireless personal area networks. These communications even include credentials or other sensitive information that in any case need to be protected and not to be read by any third party. So the security of such communications has become a concern and should be emphasized accordingly. A secure communication needs to be communicated in a way that's not susceptible to any sort of eavesdropping or interception. The secure communication defends against the unofficial and the unauthorized interceptors from accessing the communications but still delivering the desired content to the intended communicating parties. Security breaches or the interceptors cannot be totally blocked but such procedures should be taken in account that even if an attack or any sort of an intrusion occurs, the parties involved in the communication must be intimated that there has been some sort of an unwanted interference in the communication taking place. This paper presents a proposition for securing the carrier data by means of Public Key Steganography in the wireless personal area network protocol ZigBee. The proposition doles out with dispensing a secret message to the communicating parties in case of an attack or any attempt compromising the security of data.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/7505513/7542293/07542357.pdf

Carrier data security using public key steganography in ZigBee

Internet of things (IoT) is an indispensable part of future internet. IoT framework aspires to connect anyone with anything at anywhere. IoT has number of heterogenous objects that facilitate exchange of data at each layer. Interoperability has the ability to enable two systems or components exchange data and use information. However, we worked on existing IoT framework which includes three layers: Perception Layer, Network Layer, Application Layer and existences of Interoperability with the IoT is also considered. We analysis the data link layer and the protocols working on the data link layer. As a result, many integrated systems, Interoperability is a problem in the IoT with devices, data, services. This research work is an effective way, by which we have proposed the four interoperability approaches that is JSON, Web Services, Metamodels and Ontology which is used in the perception layer of IoT framework with heterogenous devices to increase the speed of sharing data. This shows us how interoperability can be achieved at perception layer in the IoT.

Design of framework and analysis of Internet of things at data link layer

With increasing improvements in different areas, Internet control has been making prominent impacts in almost all areas of technology that has resulted in reasonable advances in every discrete field and therefore the industries too are proceeding to the field of IoT (Internet of Things), in which the communication among heterogeneous equipments is via Internet broadly. So imparting these advances of technology in the Power Station Plant sectors i.e. the power plants will be remotely controlled additional to remote monitoring, with no corporal place as a factor for controlling or monitoring. But imparting this technology the security factor needs to be considered as a basic and such methods need to be put into practice that the communication in such networks or control systems is defended against any third party interventions while the data is being transferred from one device to the other device through the internet (Unrestricted Channel). The paper puts forward exercising RSA,DES and AES encrypting schemes for the purpose of data encryption at the Data Link Layer i.e. before it is transmitted to the other device through Internet and as a result of this the security constraints are maintained. The records put to use have been supplied by NTPC, Dadri, India plus simulation part was executed employing MATLAB.

Presenting IoT Security based on Cryptographic Practices in Data Link Layer in Power Generation Sector

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