This study tested whether leaf elongation rate ( LER , mm h − 1 ) and its components ‐ average relative elemental − 1 h − 1 ) and leaf growth zone length ( L LGZ , mm) ‐ are related to phosphorus (P) concentration in the growth zone ( P LGZ , mg P g − 1 tissue water) of Lolium perenne L. cv. Condesa and whether such relationships are modified by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus hoi . Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants were grown at a range of P supply rates and analysed at either the same plant age or the same tiller size (defined by the length of the sheath of the youngest fully expanded leaf). Both improved P supply (up to 95%) and AMF (up to 21%) strongly increased LER . In tillers of even-aged plants, this was due to increased REGR avg and L LGZ . In even-sized tillers, it was exclusively due to increased REGR avg . REGR avg was strictly related to P LGZ ( r 2 = 0.95) and independent of tiller size. Conversely, L LGZ strictly depended on tiller size ( r 2 = 0.88) and not on P LGZ . Hence, P status affected leaf growth directly only through effects on relative tissue expansion rates. Symbiosis with AMF did not modify these relationships. Thus, no evidence for P status-independent effects of AMF on LER was found.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01428.x

Phosphorus nutrition and mycorrhiza effects on grass leaf growth. P status- and size-mediated effects on growth zone kinematics.

Gibberellins synthesis is involved in the reduction of cell flux and elemental growth rate in maize leaf under low nitrogen supply

Nitrogen deficiency severely inhibits leaf growth. This response was analysed at the cellular level by growing Lolium perenne L. under 7.5 mm (high) or 1 mm (low) nitrate supply, and performing a kinematic analysis to assess the effect of nitrogen status on cell proliferation and cell growth in the leaf blade epidermis. Low nitrogen supply reduced leaf elongation rate (LER) by 43% through a similar decrease in the cell production rate and final cell length. The former was entirely because of a decreased average cell division rate (0.023 versus 0.032 h−1) and thus longer cell cycle duration (30 versus 22 h). Nitrogen status did not affect the number of division cycles of the initial cell's progeny (5.7), and accordingly the meristematic cell number (53). Meristematic cell length was unaffected by nitrogen deficiency, implying that the division and mitotic growth rates were equally impaired. The shorter mature cell length arose from a considerably reduced post-mitotic growth rate (0.033 versus 0.049 h−1). But, nitrogen stress did not affect the position where elongation stopped, and increased cell elongation duration. In conclusion, nitrogen deficiency limited leaf growth by increasing the cell cycle duration and decreasing mitotic and post-mitotic elongation rates, delaying cell maturation.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01787.x

Nitrogen deficiency inhibits leaf blade growth in Lolium perenne by increasing cell cycle duration and decreasing mitotic and post‐mitotic growth rates

Examination of wild ancestors can identify which traits have been altered by selection as possible targets for genetic improvement. We investigated the whole plant response to low nitrogen (LN), especially below ground, by the wild ancestor of modern maize (Zea mays L.), Balsas teosinte (Zea mays subsp. parviglumis H. H. Iltis & Doebley). Teosinte responded to LN by reducing the shoot N concentration and increasing the root:shoot biomass ratio. The lengths of individual crown roots and the total lateral root length increased, compensated by reduced crown root number. Low N caused a decrease in total root hair (RH) length and increased expression of high affi nity nitrate transporters. To facilitate future mapping studies, these results were compared to a modern inbred (‘W22’) used as the parent in a modern maize × teosinte population and extensively employed in maize domestication studies. The adaptations to LN in teosinte and W22 were surprisingly conserved, but the strategies employed were often different. To reduce total RH length, teosinte reduced RH density whereas W22 reduced average RH length. To achieve reduced shoot biomass in response to LN, teosinte reduced tiller number and hence leaf number whereas W22 reduced average leaf size. Since tiller crown roots initiate from stem tissue, teosinte used tiller plasticity to reduce crown root number whereas modern maize reduced crown root number independently of tillering. We discuss the implications of these results for maize domestication.

https://raizadalab.weebly.com/uploads/4/2/4/8/4248579/gaudin_2011_crop_science_teosinte_n_response.pdf

The Nitrogen Adaptation Strategy of the Wild Teosinte Ancestor of Modern Maize, Zea mays subsp. parviglumis

Enhanced leaf elongation rates of wheat at elevated CO2: is it related to carbon and nitrogen dynamics within the growing leaf blade?

The influence of nitrogen deprivation on leaf development and the biomechanics of leaf growth were studied using maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings grown under low irradiance. Although the nitrogen deprivation had no significant effect on photosynthesis, the leaf length, the leaf area, and the total assimilation area of plants decreased. The mature size of the epidermal cells was not altered, while the cells of nitrogen-deprived plants reached their final length closer to the leaf base than the epidermal cells of control plants. Decreases in the length of the growing zone (from 50 to 30 mm) and in the maximum value of relative elemental growth rate (from 0.08 to 0.06 mm mm−1 h−1) were observed in the nitrogen deprived plants. The maximal value of growth velocity in the control treatment was higher along the elongation zone, except for the basal 20 mm, where there was no significant difference between the control and the N-deprived plants. The net deposition rates of water and dry matter were also affected by nitrogen deprivation: the values of these features decreased and the spatial position of the maximum of the deposition rates shifted towards the leaf base.

Nitrogen deprivation induces changes in the leaf elongation zone of maize seedlings

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Nitrogen deprivation induces changes in the leaf elongation zone of maize seedlings