Endophytes are microorganisms (bacteria or fungi or actinomycetes) that dwell within robust plant tissues by having a symbiotic association. They are ubiquitously associated with almost all plants studied till date. Some commonly found endophytes are those belonging to the genera Enterobacter sp., Colletotrichum sp., Phomopsis sp., Phyllosticta sp., Cladosporium sp., and so forth. Endophytic population is greatly affected by climatic conditions and location where the host plant grows. They produce a wide range of compounds useful for plants for their growth, protection to environmental conditions, and sustainability, in favour of a good dwelling place within the hosts. They protect plants from herbivory by producing certain compounds which will prevent animals from further grazing on the same plant and sometimes act as biocontrol agents. A large amount of bioactive compounds produced by them not only are useful for plants but also are of economical importance to humans. They serve as antibiotics, drugs or medicines, or the compounds of high relevance in research or as compounds useful to food industry. They are also found to have some important role in nutrient cycling, biodegradation, and bioremediation. In this review, we have tried to comprehend different roles of endophytes in plants and their significance and impacts on man and environment.

https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2014/250693.pdf

Impact of Endophytic Microorganisms on Plants, Environment and Humans

Microbial endophytes are symbionts dwelling within plant tissues without appearance of disease symptoms on host plant and have been recently investigated for their plant growth-promoting properties and their beneficial functions associated with plant responses under abiotic stress conditions. This study focuses on the critical role of endophytic microbes in plant health and their stimulatory different mechanisms to tolerance against abiotic stress in plants. Endophytic microbial community can enhance plant growth through producing secondary active compounds which protect the plant from pathogens such as insect and fungi; also endophytes can produce extracellular enzymes which play critical roles in colonization of endophytes within the plant host. Microbial endophytes have the ability to act as plant growth-promoting agents through producing phytohormones and also enable plants to grow in contaminated soils through breakdown of hazardous compounds. Endophytes manage plant growth under adverse conditions such as salinity, drought, temperature, heavy metal stress, and nutrient stress through different mechanisms. This chapter may introduce new approaches for the use of endophytic inoculants to combat abiotic stresses in agricultural fields, which increases global crop production.

Role of Endophytes in Plant Health and Abiotic Stress Management

Biocontrol potential of an endophytic Bacillus pumilus JK-SX001 against poplar canker

A chitinolytic bacterial strain having strong antifungal activity was isolated and identified as Burkholderia cepacia MPC-7 based on 16S rRNA gene analysis. MPC-7 solubilized insoluble phosphorous in hydroxyapatite agar media. It produced gluconic acid and 2-ketogluconic acid related to the decrease in pH of broth culture. The antagonist produced benzoic acid (BA) and phenylacetic acid (PA). The authentic compounds, BA and PA, showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against yeast, several bacterial and fungal pathogens in vitro. To demonstrate the biocontrol efficiency of MPC-7 on late blight disease caused by Phytophthora capsici, pepper plants in pot trials were treated with modified medium only (M), M plus zoospore inoculation (MP), MPC-7 cultured broth (B) and B plus zoospore inoculation (BP). With the sudden increase in root mortality, plants in MP wilted as early as five days after pathogen inoculation. However, plant in BP did not show any symptom of wilting until five days. Root mortality in BP was markedly reduced for as much as 50%. Plants in B had higher dry weight, P concentration in root, and larger leaf area compared to those in M and MP. These results suggested that B. cepacia MPC-7 should be considered as a candidate for the biological fertilizer as well as antimicrobial agent for pepper plants.

/pdf/biocontrol-of-late-blight-phytophthora-capsici-disease-and-1ow7ir130e.pdf

Biocontrol of Late Blight (Phytophthora capsici) Disease and Growth Promotion of Pepper by Burkholderia cepacia MPC-7.

Burkholderia pyrrocinia JK-SH007 is a plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), that can promote the growth of poplar and other trees, and, production of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is one of the reasons for this effect. Therefore, the aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of the external environment on the synthesis of IAA by B. pyrrocinia JK-SH007 and to perform a functional analysis of its IAA synthesis pathway. In this study, IAA and its synthetic intermediates indole-3-acetamide (IAM), indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA), tryptamine (TAM), and indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN) were detected in B. pyrrocinia JK-SH007 fermentation broth by high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), and these indolic compounds were also found in the cell-free extraction of B. pyrrocinia JK-SH007, but the genomic analysis of B. pyrrocinia JK-SH007 indicated that IAA biosynthesis was mainly through the IAM and TAM pathways. The effects of L-tryptophan (L-Trp), temperature and pH on the synthesis of IAA were investigated, and the results showed that L-Trp exerted a significant effect on IAA synthesis and that 37°C and pH 7 were the optimal conditions IAA production by B. pyrrocinia JK-SH007. In addition, the protein expression of tryptophan 2-monooxygenase and indoleacetamide hydrolase, which are the key enzymes of the indole acetamide-mediated IAA synthesis pathway, was analyzed, and their activity was verified by substrate feeding experiments. The results revealed the existence of an IAA synthesis pathway mediated by IAM and indicated that this pathway plays a role in B. pyrrocinia JK-SH007. This study lays the foundation for further exploration of the specific pathway and mechanism of IAA synthesis in B. pyrrocinia JK-SH007.

/pdf/indole-3-acetic-acid-in-burkholderia-pyrrocinia-jk-sh007-57m9qvwulc.pdf

Indole-3-Acetic Acid in Burkholderia pyrrocinia JK-SH007: Enzymatic Identification of the Indole-3-Acetamide Synthesis Pathway.

Poplar canker is a kind of serious disease of poplar branches in China and all over the world. In China, the poplar canker is mainly caused by three pathogens of Cytospora chrysosperma, Phomopsis macrospora and Fusicoccum aesculi, which is hard to control. A collection of 1,013 bacterial isolates obtained from the poplar stems in 9 regions of China. Of all the strains tested, 13 bacterial isolates inhibiting three pathogens (C. chrysosperma, P. macrospora and F. aesculi) growth were selected, whose inhibition zone width were more than 15 mm. Strain JK-SH007 exhibited the most obvious antagonistic activity. Besides, this strain also produced extracellular hydrolytic enzymes (β-1, 3-glucanases, proteases and chitinases). This bacterium had no pathogenicity and was identified as Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) genomovar IX: B. pyrrocinia by the Biolog identification system combined with 16S rDNA and recA gene sequence analysis and morphological, physiological and biochemical methods characteristics. B. pyrrocinia JK-SH007 exhibited the highest biocontrol and colonization capabilities. After 3 months, plant height and ground diameter in poplar seedlings inoculated with JK-SH007 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in control (non-inoculated) plants. The selected B. cepacia isolate colonized poplar stems and leaves endophytically, promoting plant growth and suppressing pathogenic activities of C. chrysosperma, P. macrospora and F. aesculi on seedling of poplar. This is one of the few reports dealing with isolation and characterization of B. cepacia strains with biocontrol activity against the poplar canker. The endophytic isolate also has the potential to perform as plant growth promoter.

Isolation and characterization of a new Burkholderia pyrrocinia strain JK-SH007 as a potential biocontrol agent

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Isolation and characterization of a new Burkholderia pyrrocinia strain JK-SH007 as a potential biocontrol agent