Regulation of eating quality, sensory aroma and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthesis in fragrant rice through foliage application of aromatic compounds

&lt;p&gt;One constraint is the incapacity of existing agronomic studies on rice yield, aroma, and cooking quality to fully assess the effects of various applications and sources of nitrogen (N) fertilizer. It is challenging for us to understand how different N inputs impact rice's sensory and cooking qualities in addition to crop productivity because of this research gap. So, a two-year pot experiment was conducted at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, under an open field plastic net house from July 15 to December 4 in 2020 and 2021. The study used Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) dhan70 as the test crop. The experiment examined two factors: the methods and source of N application. Three methods of N application were tested: 100% soil application (NM&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;), 2% foliar spray at tillering and booting stages (NM&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;), and a combination of 50% soil application and 2% foliar spray at the booting stage (NM&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;). Three sources of N were also evaluated: Urea (NS&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;), ammonium nitrate (NS&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;), and ammonium sulfate (NS&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;). Total 41.0 kg N ha&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; was applied considering the nitrogen content in Urea (46%), ammonium nitrate (35%), and ammonium sulfate (21%). The experiment followed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results indicated that the application of N significantly influenced most of the studied parameters. The combined application of N as a foliar dose and soil application, along with ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, showed improved results for various parameters such as gelatinization temperature, gel consistency, protein content, cooking time, imbibition ratio, 2-AP content, grain aroma, and taste of BRRI dhan70 compared to 100% soil application of N. The highest grain yield and 2-AP was observed in the NM&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;NS&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; treatment (35.437 g·pot&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; and 0.137 µg·g&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, respectively) which was statistical similar with NM&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;NS&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; treatment while the lowest yield and 2-AP was recorded in NM&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;NS&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; (24.877 g·pot&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; and 0.076 µg·g&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, respectively).&lt;/p&gt; 

Grain yield, cooking quality, and aroma of fragrant rice as affected by nitrogen source and method of application

Opportunity for genome engineering to enhance phosphate homeostasis in crops

Phosphorus (P) levels alters the allelopathic activity of rice seedlings against lettuce seeds. Here, we investigated the effect of P deficiency on allelopathic potential in non-pigmented and pigmented rice varieties. Rice seedlings of the white variety Khao Dawk Mali (KDML105, non-pigmented) and the black varieties Jao Hom Nin (JHN, pigmented) and Riceberry (RB, pigmented) were grown in high P (HP) and low P (LP) conditions. Morphological and metabolic responses to P deficiency were investigated. P deficiency inhibited shoot growth but promoted root growth of rice seedlings in all three varieties. Moreover, P deficiency led to decreased cytosolic phosphate (Pi) and total P in shoot and root tissues. The subsequent reduction of internal P enhanced the accumulation of phenolic contents in both shoot and root tissues of the seedlings. Subsequently, allelopathy-based inter- and intraspecific interactions were validated by using water extracts from seedlings of the three varieties grown under HP and LP conditions. The extracts were tested on seeds of lettuce, the weed Dactyloctenium aegyptium, and the same rice variety. Shoot and root extracts of P-deficient seedlings reduced the germination of all the receiver plants. The shoot extract of P-deficient KDML105 seedlings reduced the germination index of lettuce seeds to 1%, while the shoot extracts of P-deficient RB and JHN seedlings produced GIs of 32% and 42%, respectively. However, when rice seeds were exposed to their own LP shoot and root extracts, their germination indices were enhanced up to 4-fold, compared with the HP extracts. Shoot extracts of P-deficient plants also promoted the germination of D. aegyptium by about 2–3-fold whereas root extracts of P-deficient plants did not. Therefore, P starvation led to the accumulation and exudation of phenolics in the shoots and roots of rice seedlings, which then changed their allelopathic activities. To thrive under P deficiency, rice seedlings potentially release signaling chemicals to suppress different species nearby and simultaneously promote their own germination and growth. 

Changes in Metabolites and Allelopathic Effects of Non-pigmented and Black-pigmented Lowland indica Rice Varieties in Phosphorus Deficiency

Achieving a consistent grain yield while preserving persistent aroma remains a substantial challenge in aromatic rice production in Bangladesh. To address this challenge, a field experiment was conducted at the agronomy research area of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, between 15 June 2022, and 25 November 2022 (Aman season). This study aimed to evaluate the influence of harvesting time on aromatic rice performance. The experiment, following a randomized complete block design with three replications, involved two factors: factor 1 comprised various rice varieties [Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) dhan34, BRRI dhan70, BRRI dhan80, and Tulshimala], and factor 2 comprised three harvesting times [3, 4, and 5 weeks after flowering (WAF)]. Results revealed significant impacts of variety and/or harvesting time on grain yield, physicochemical characteristics, and aroma of aromatic rice. Notably, Tulshimala and BRRI dhan80 exhibited superior milling quality, biochemical properties, and aroma characteristics among the aromatic rice types. BRRI dhan70 and BRRI dhan80 displayed higher grain yield when harvested at 5 WAF. However, Tulshimala and BRRI dhan80 showed superiority in grain 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) concentration when harvested 3 or 4 WAF. Earlier harvesting at 3 and 4 WAF resulted in higher percentages of grain 2-AP (60.22% and 53.96%, respectively) compared with later harvesting at 5 WAF (used as check). In conclusion, varying harvesting times markedly impact the yield, physiochemical characteristics, and aroma of aromatic rice varieties, with earlier harvesting beneficial for aroma retention in Tulshimala and BRRI Dhan80 and later harvesting for increased economic yield in BRRI dhan70 and BRRI dhan80.

Impact of Harvesting Time on Grain Yield, Physicochemical Attributes, and 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline Biosynthesis in Aromatic Rice

We here characterized 27 japonica rice cultivars grown in Heilongjiang province and evaluated the relationship among their iodine absorption curve, physical properties, and ratio of 13 kDa prolamin...

Physicochemical measurements of Japonica rice cultivars in Heilongjiang Province

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for plant growth. However, its deficiency poses a significant challenge for crop production. To overcome the low P availability, plants have developed various strategies to regulate their P uptake and usage. In this study, we identified a splicing factor, OsSCL26, belonging to the Serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins, that plays a crucial role in regulating P homeostasis in rice. OsSCL26 is expressed in the roots, leaves, and base nodes, with higher expression levels observed in the leaf blades during the vegetative growth stage. The OsSCL26 protein is localized in the nucleus. Mutation of OsSCL26 resulted in the accumulation of P in the shoot compared to the wild-type, and the dwarf phenotype of the osscl26 mutant was alleviated under low P conditions. Further analysis revealed that the accumulated P concentrations in the osscl26 mutant were higher in the old leaves and lower in the new leaves. Furthermore, the P-related genes, including the PHT and SPX family genes, were upregulated in the osscl26 mutant, and the exclusion/inclusion ratio of the two genes, OsSPX-MFS2 and OsNLA2, was increased compared to wild-type rice. These findings suggest that the splicing factor OsSCL26 plays a pivotal role in maintaining P homeostasis in rice by influencing the absorption and distribution of P through the regulation of the transcription and splicing of the P transport genes.

/pdf/the-splicing-factor-osscl26-regulates-phosphorus-homeostasis-vb6ts71z.pdf

The Splicing Factor OsSCL26 Regulates Phosphorus Homeostasis in Rice

Corrigendum to "Anthocyanin accumulation in grape berry flesh is associated with an alternative splicing variant of VvMYBA1" [Plant Physiol. Biochem. 195 (2023) 1-13].

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Physicochemical measurements of Japonica rice cultivars in Heilongjiang Province

The Splicing Factor OsSCL26 Regulates Phosphorus Homeostasis in Rice

Corrigendum to "Anthocyanin accumulation in grape berry flesh is associated with an alternative splicing variant of VvMYBA1" [Plant Physiol. Biochem. 195 (2023) 1-13].