Sol-gel chemistry of transition metal oxides

Electrochromic materials, both organic and inorganic, have widespread applications in light-attenuation, displays and analysis. Written in an accessible manner, this book provides a comprehensive treatment of all types of electrochromic systems and their many applications. Coverage develops from electrochromic scope and history to new searching presentations of optical quantification and theoretical mechanistic models. Non-electrode electrochromism and photo-electrochromism are summarised, with updated comprehensive reviews of electrochromic oxides (tungsten-trioxide particularly), metal co-ordination complexes and metal-cyanometallates, viologens and other organics; and more recent exotics such as fullerenes, hydrides, and conjugated electroactive polymers are also covered. The book concludes by examining device construction and durability. With an extensive bibliography, recent advances in the field, modern applications and a step-by-step development from simple examples to sophisticated theories, this book is ideal for researchers in materials science, polymer science, electrical engineering, physics, chemistry, bioscience and (applied) optoelectronics.

/pdf/electrochromism-and-electrochromic-devices-2brphss8z6.pdf

Electrochromism and Electrochromic Devices

Anodically electrodeposited iridium oxide films from alkaline solutions were investigated for application to electrochromic devices Micro-crystalline (diameter: 15A) films obtained by the electrolysis of aqueous alkaline solutions containing iridium chloride, oxalic acid and potassium carbonate showed good electrochromic reaction reversibility The coloration efficiency of the films was about one third that of typical evaporated tungsten oxide films, and the response rate measured by the amount of injected charge was about double The cycle lives of the cells, composed of electrodeposited films, 1M H3PO4-NaOH (pH=3~5), and an activated carbon cloth, were more than 8 × 106 with a 06 V, 1 Hz continuous square wave

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1143/JJAP.28.632/pdf

Anodically Electrodeposited Iridium Oxide Films (AEIROF) from Alkaline Solutions for Electrochromic Display Devices

Porous WO3 films with ultra-high transmittance modulation were successfully fabricated on different substrates by a novel, facile and economical pulsed electrochemical deposited method with 1.1 s interval time between each pulse. The near ideal optical modulation (97.7% at 633 nm), fast switching speed (6 and 2.7 s), high coloration efficiency (118.3 cm2 C−1), and excellent cycling stability are achieved by the porous WO3 on ITO-coated glass. The outstanding electrochromic performances of the porous WO3 film were mainly attributed to the porous structure, which facilitates the charge-transfer, promotes the electrolyte infiltration and alleviates the expansion of the WO3 during H+ insertion compared to that of the compact structure. In addition, the relationships between the structural and electrochemical activity of the electrochromic WO3 films were further explored by the scanning electrochemical microscopy. These results testify that the porous structure can promote the infiltration of electrolyte and reduce the diffusion path, which consequently enhance the electrochemical activity.

/pdf/ultra-large-optical-modulation-of-electrochromic-porous-wo3-2thmwys9ea.pdf

Ultra-large optical modulation of electrochromic porous WO3 film and the local monitoring of redox activity

Tungsten trioxide (WO3) is one of the important multifunctional materials used for photocatalytic, photoelectrochemical, battery, and gas sensor applications. Nanostructured WO3 holds great potential for enhancing the performance of these applications. Here, we report highly sensitive NO2 sensors using WO3 nanolamellae and their sensitivity improvement by morphology control using SnO2 nanoparticles. WO3 nanolamellae were synthesized by an acidification method starting from Na2WO4 and H2SO4 and subsequent calcination at 300 °C. The lamellae were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which clearly showed the formation of single-crystalline nanolamellae with a c-axis orientation. The stacking of each nanolamella to form larger lamellae that were 50–250 nm in lateral size and 15–25 nm in thickness was also revealed. From pore size distribution measurements, we found that introducing monodisperse SnO2 nanoparticles (ca. 4 nm) i...

WO3 Nanolamella Gas Sensor: Porosity Control Using SnO2 Nanoparticles for Enhanced NO2 Sensing

Peroxotungstic acid coated films were investigated for applications to electrochromic display devices. Films coated with peroxotungstic acid aqueous solutions exhibited electrochromism in non-aqueous electrolyte solutions containing Li-salts. A good reversibility for the electrochromic reaction was attained after several writing-erasing cycles involving linear sweeps when the films had been heat-treated at about 120°C for 1 h. Cathodic polarization of the coated films irreversibly reduced the peroxotungstic acid to tungsten trioxide in the electrolyte. This resulted in the devices having poor initial response characteristics. After several aging cycles, however, the coloring efficiency and response rate of the coated films were favorable and comparable to those of tungsten trioxide evaporated films.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1143/JJAP.25.1420/pdf

Peroxotungstic Acid Coated Films for Electrochromic Display Devices

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Peroxotungstic Acid Coated Films for Electrochromic Display Devices