In pregnant women, large number of local and systemic changes are known to occur. These changes will continue throughout pregnancy especially cardiovascular changes. Electrocardiography is one of the simplest techniques used to detect ischemic heart diseases, hypertensive heart diseases & asymptomatic arrhythmias. We included 150 pregnant women, 50 in each trimester and were compared with 50 age matched non pregnant women. ECG was recorded in all 12 leads. The values were expressed as Mean + SD and Z Test was used for comparison between control and study group. Categorical data was analyzed by Chi square test. A p value of 0.05 or less was considered as statistically significant. a statistically significant increase in QTc interval was observed.An increase in the QTc interval may be due to tachycardia. QRS Frontal axis showed a statistically significant decrease in 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimesters (p<0.001) of pregnancy when compared to non pregnant women. With increase in gestational age, position of heart changes from vertical to intermediate indicating that heart shifted to left with increase in gestational period. Occurrence of Q wave in lead III showed a statistically significant increase in 2nd (p<0.05) and 3rd trimesters (p<0.001) when compared to 1st trimester of pregnancy and control These changes may be either due to an increase in the circulating vasopressor agents or may reflect diaphragmatic changes that have been associated with pregnancy.

http://www.ijcrar.com/vol-2-7/B.N.Nandini,%20et%20al.pdf

Occurrence of Q wave, QTC interval and QRS frontal axis during different trimesters of Pregnancy A cross sectional study

Studies on the electrocardiogram findings in African pregnant women are limited. There is no information available in the literature on the electrocardiographic parameters of pregnant Angolan women.

https://repositorio.ipl.pt/bitstream/10400.21/14845/1/Electrocardiographic%20findings%20in%20pregnant%20women%20in%20Angola.pdf

Electrocardiographic findings in pregnant women in Angola

The cardiovascular system undergoes physiological changes during pregnancy. These physiological changes in the heart can be understood by simple procedures like electrocardiography. With the objective of formulating basis of alterations in heart rate and impulse conductivity from atria to ventricles during pregnancy, the study was carried out in Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal between calendar year 2012 and 2013 by comparing electrocardiograms between pregnant and non-pregnant participants. The total number of participants in this study was 120: 50% was third trimester pregnant women as cases and the other 50% was non-pregnant women as controls. The statistically significant increase in heart rate and highly significant decrease in PR interval in electrocardiograms of cases conclude that the alterations in cardiac function do occur in pregnancies which all try to meet the growing demands of developing fetus. Thus, these changes neither should be misinterpreted as of pathological origin nor the latter one if present should be misdiagnosed by any health care providers.

/pdf/alterations-in-heart-rate-and-atria-to-ventricular-4i2vl8xdqu.pdf

Alterations in Heart Rate and Atria to Ventricular Conductivity in Third Trimester Pregnancy: A Comparative Study

A structured evidence-based approach to decrease cardiovascular complications among pregnant women with rheumatic disease : a pilot randomized controlled trial

/pdf/a-structured-evidence-based-approach-to-decrease-1gqarldumi.pdf

A structured evidence-based approach to decrease cardiovascular complications among pregnant women with rheumatic disease : a pilot randomized controlled trial

Introduction: We have studied cardiopulmonary and hematological parameters in pregnancy, such as electrocardiographic parameters, peak expiratory flow rates and packed cell volumes in 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd trimesters of pregnancy. Material and methods: 50 consecutive normal healthy pregnant women in 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd trimester each, between 20- 30 years and 50 normal non-pregnant women of the same age group were enrolled. All subjects underwent onetime ECG, pulmonary function tests and complete hemogram. Results: Heart rate statistically significant increased in pregnant women in 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd trimester when compared to controls (p <0.01). PR interval showed statistically significant decrease in pregnant women in 2 nd trimester and 3 rd trimester when compared to controls (p < 0.01). QTc showed statistically significant increase in pregnant women all the trimesters when compared to controls with (p <0.01). QRS frontal axis showed statistically significant decrease in pregnant women of 1 st trimester, 2 nd trimester (p < 0.01) and 3 rd trimester (p < 0.01) when compared to controls. PEFR values showed statistically highly significant decrease in pregnant women of 1 st trimester, 2 nd trimester and 3 rd trimester when compared to controls with (p <0.001). PCV values showed statistically significant decrease in pregnant women 0f 1 st Trimester, 2 nd trimester and 3 rd trimester when compared to controls with (p <0.01).

https://iaimjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/iaim_2015_0212_01.pdf

Cardiopulmonary and hematological parameters in pregnancy

Part 1 of this article discussed the classification, physiological changes in pregnancy, investigations and some general aspects in the management of heart disease in pregnancy. Part 2 will now discuss the specific management with reference to each classification in terms of their risks, giving examples of clinical cases.

A clinical approach to heart disease in pregnancy; Part 2: specific considerations in management

A clinical approach to heart disease in pregnancy

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A clinical approach to heart disease in pregnancy; Part 2: specific considerations in management

A clinical approach to heart disease in pregnancy