Australia is considered a highly food-secure nation; however, this is not always the case for every individual, household, and community. This article examines the physical and financial access to food of the population of Dorset, a rural municipality in North East Tasmania (Australia); the impact that socio-economic factors have on their food security; and the coping strategies they use when food shortages occur. A mixed-methods approach was used: Quantitative data were collected through the Tasmanian Household Food Security Survey and qualitative data through nine community focus groups conducted throughout the Dorset municipality. A total of 364 respondents (response rate 63%) completed the survey. Two main themes were identified within the data: food availability and food access. Food availability considered food origin, sustainability, and food production, whereas food access considered physical access, financial access, and other access issues such as awareness, skills, cultural preferences, and social support. The data revealed the wide-ranging effects of the importation of cheaper food alternatives, which had long-term implications not only on individuals’ health but also on the economic health of the community. A number of respondents indicated they were at times unable to buy nutritious foods due to limited finances, which led some to go without food or use other strategies to feed themselves. This study highlights the inappropriateness of the continuation of individual behavior change as a policy focus, as many of the problems facing communities are beyond individual abilities. Thus, the implications for policy from this study are centered on providing further support for strategies that focus on ensuring equity and food security for all, particularly the rural inhabitants of many food-secure nations.

/pdf/the-socio-economic-and-physical-contributors-to-food-15qyre9hd2.pdf

The Socio-Economic and Physical Contributors to Food Insecurity in a Rural Community

Dietary guidelines for Australians: bread and water?

Engaging people in critical conversations about food practices is often challenging. In this paper, we explore how an exhibition was used as an educative site to explore food insecurity and food cultures and to promote food ethics and healthy eating. Surveys and interviews from the opening night of an exhibition were collected and Bourdieu’s habitus was used to theoretically inform analysis. The diversity of artworks displayed were found to provoke critical reflection about food cultures among participants. Findings revealed the exhibition was a non-intrusive space for meeting people ‘where they were at’ in understandings of food and food practice. Artworks were found to evoke reflections on food as a cultural phenomenon and as a deeply personal component of everyday worlds. The tensions in making food choices and food as agentic in participants lives were highlighted. Findings suggest that exhibitions may support critical engagement with food practice when audiences are given opportunities to discuss their thoughts and ideas.

http://www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elsr/article/download/4056/4429

Exploring food cultures through art: meeting people where they are at

A Community’s Perception of Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Infections and Prevention Programs by Felecity Nicole Burns MA, Albany State University, 2007 BS, Albany State University, 2004 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Public Policy & Administration Walden University May 2016 Abstract The United States has the highest rates of teenage pregnancies, births, abortions, and sexually transmitted infections in the industrialized world. African American teenThe United States has the highest rates of teenage pregnancies, births, abortions, and sexually transmitted infections in the industrialized world. African American teen pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections are on the rise in many rural southwest school districts in the State of Georgia where the sex education curriculum is nonexistent or solely focuses on abstinence. Georgia ranked 4th in cases of primary and secondary syphilis, 6th in AIDS, 12th in gonorrhea, 14th in teen pregnancies, and 17th in chlamydia in the United States in 2012. The purpose of this qualitative study was to evaluate the perceptions of residents of a primarily African American rural southwest Georgia community regarding the importance of sex education and their knowledge of the school district’s sex education curriculum. It specifically investigated abstinence-only sexual education using Bronfenbrenner’s ecological learning theory. Study participants (n = 25) were African American youths in 9th grade, their parents, school officials, religious leaders, policymakers, and health advocates. The research questions were designed to investigate participants’ knowledge of sexual health and effective sex education curricula for their school district. Data were collected from the participants via semi-structured interviews. MAXQDA 11.1 software was used for thematic analysis of transcribed interviews. The findings demonstrated community support for a comprehensive sex education curriculum and the need for a new paradigm in social policy that suggests initiatives should be evidence-based to achieve maximum efficacy in policy analysis. The study provides a baseline for school officials to assess community opinions regarding the acceptance of a comprehensive sex education curriculum. A Community’s Perception of Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Infections and Prevention Programs by Felecity Nicole Burns MA, Albany State University, 2007 BS, Albany State University, 2004 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Public Policy & Administration

/pdf/a-community-s-perception-of-pregnancy-and-sexually-1nyoxl3tyo.pdf

A Community's Perception of Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Infections and Prevention Programs

While Australia is considered to be a highly food-secure nation, some populations are more vulnerable to food insecurity than others and this applies to Tasmania, an island state of Australia. The aim of this study was to highlight food security issues in the two local government areas of Dorset and Clarence in Tasmania, Australia. This paper reports on the key quantitative findings of the project with a focus on food access and food utilisation, and their association with socio-economic factors. Quantitative data were collected from a total of 835 survey participants using a questionnaire developed in close consultation with service provider organizations as well as public health and nutrition experts. The study revealed 53 (6.6%) residents were at the low food security and 18 (2.1%) who literally went without food. The significant correlations between low food security and socio-economic factors evidenced in the study further suggested that the low-food security residents were more likely to come from the more vulnerable groups of low income families (χ2= 42.528, df = 6, p < 0.05), the younger and older population groups (χ2= 12.361, df = 5, p < 0.05) or those living in socio-economically disadvantaged rural areas (χ2= 165.9, df =7, p < 0.05). A link between physical and financial access was clearly indicated due to high fuel cost (44.4%) which was the most common barrier reported among those who used personal vehicles for travelling to and from food shops. The study findings help to direct strategic policies to food security for the future of Tasmanians such as the "Food for all Tasmanians" strategy by the Tasmanian Food Security Council which focuses on ensuring social food equity for all Tasmanians. These strategies include promoting publicly funded community cars, promoting local produce and food access initiatives such as increased farm gate sales, farmer markets, food cooperatives, community gardens and growing and swapping produce within communities.

/pdf/food-security-in-a-regional-area-of-australia-a-socio-434o8o10w8.pdf

Food security in a regional area of Australia: a socio-economic perspective

Tasmanian food access research coalition TFARC: research report

https://www.utas.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/620217/HCI-Final-Report-20132.pdf

Evaluate the impacts of the Healthy Communities Project on the Cradle Coast community Tasmania

In December 2011 the Tasmanian Community Fund (TCF) provided funding support to Family Planning Tasmania (FPT) to develop and run two community focused programs aimed at reducing unplanned teenage pregnancy. The two programs, one based in the Derwent Valley and the other in the North West region, centred around the city of Burnie and aimed to provide support services to teenagers, general practitioners and youth/ health workers by way of sexual health education, training and clinical services.
The funding was provided in response to the comparatively higher rates of births amongst teenagers aged 15-19 in Tasmania. Whilst the teenage rates of pregnancy are falling in Tasmania, in 2000 the rate of births to teenagers 15-19 was 25.7 per 1000 women; this rate had fallen to 21.5 per 1000 women in 2010. Despite this decrease, the rate is well above the national teenage fertility rate of 15.5 births per 1,000 teenagers aged 15-19 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2010). Importantly, statistics on teenage birth rates show a variance in rates according to location and socio-economic disadvantage. The statistics show a clear gradation from urban areas, particularly affluent urban areas, to remote and regional areas, with the highest teenage birth rates, particularly in areas of high socio-economic disadvantage. The Derwent Valley region and North West coast are known to have some of the highest rates of teenage pregnancy within Tasmania. 
The issue of teenage pregnancy has been of considerable significance nationally and internationally because young maternal age is associated with adverse social, economic and health outcomes for both mothers and children (Swann, Bowe, McCormick, & Kosmin, 2003). According to Bishop (2006), teenage mothers can be more prone to a multitude of issues including negative public attitudes, social isolation, poverty and prolonged welfare dependency, decreased marital opportunities and greater exposure to physical abuse. 
The University Department of Rural Health (UDRH) at the University of Tasmania received funding through the Tasmanian Community Fund to undertake an evaluation of the two community focused programs. In particular, the evaluation was aimed at measuring the effectiveness of the funding in assisting the programs to effect change in the community towards a reduction in the incidence of unplanned teenage pregnancy in the short, medium and long term. 
The evaluation methodology was framed around best practice approaches for measuring the effectiveness of health-related intervention/educational programs. In particular, the methodology was based on process and outcome assessments. The evaluation considered; firstly, the management and delivery of the programs, and secondly, the programs' impact on awareness and attitudinal and behavioural changes among the target population. These were considered the major indicators of the programs’ effectiveness. 
Data from a number of different information sources was collected, including both primary (interviews, and focus group discussions/forums) and secondary sources (policy and program documents, reports, discussion papers, and relevant statistics available through aggregate databases). 
Overall findings from the assessments of program design, management, and delivery, as well as changes in awareness, attitudes and behaviours within the target community, suggested that the two programs were relatively well coordinated and, despite the relatively short delivery timeframe, had a positive impact on awareness, attitudes and behaviours within the target communities. 
Whilst there were differences in the strengths and weaknesses of the program between the two program sites which, in some cases, reflected the different socio and cultural environments, there were some positive attributes common to both sites. These included:
•	Flexibility in terms of program governance which facilitated input by local stakeholders in the shaping and refining of the programs;
•	The programs were well accepted and supported within both host communities; 
•	The accessibility and adaptability of the programs to suit the needs of the local target population and community; 
•	Adoption of a multi-dimensional approach to sexuality and sexuality education 
•	The application of models of training that focus on strategies that are inclusive and contribute to the sustainability of program objectives such as the Families and Schools Together (FAST) model; and
•	The use of peer educators or role models in the delivery of educational activities.
The programs experienced a number of challenges that tended to be site specific. These challenges were related to the establishment of appropriate local governance support structures which were in part hindered through staff changes at the earlier stages of the program initiative. There was also a general perception amongst some stakeholders that the program timelines were too short to affect any significant behavioural or attitudinal change within the two communities. There was also a sense that programs could have benefited from improved promotion of activities particularly to young males. The statistics relating to the participation of young females to males in program activities supported this notion.
Key recommendations from the evaluation include:
•	A stronger emphasis on building sustainability into the program design on the basis of community involvement, community empowerment, community capacity building and the development of interpersonal and communication skills;
•	Greater involvement of young people in all phases of program planning and evaluation;
•	Application of models of promotion and delivery which equally target both young women and young men;
•	More direct engagement with local schools with a view to exploring ways in which programs may complement existing school sexual health programs
•	The adoption of more accurate and reliable measurements of community change and the instigation of repeated outcome evaluation studies, which should be carried out over a period after the programs closure; and
•	Further funding support for sexual health programs which are multi-dimensional, focusing on education, attitudes and behaviour.

Evaluation of Community Change through Family Planning Programs

Enhancing friendly and safe communities for international students in Tasmania

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Tasmanian food access research coalition TFARC: research report

Evaluate the impacts of the Healthy Communities Project on the Cradle Coast community Tasmania

Evaluation of Community Change through Family Planning Programs

Enhancing friendly and safe communities for international students in Tasmania