To obtain the temperature sensitivity characteristics of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell under different degradation levels, accelerated durability tests and temperature sensitivity tests of the fuel cell are first performed, and the temperature characteristics under different degradation states are analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization curve. Besides, an adaptive state-of-health transient thermal model of fuel cells is developed to investigate the effect of operating temperature on the internal gas concentration and hydrothermal distribution characteristics of the fuel cell from a mechanistic perspective. The experimental results of temperature sensitivity validate that the adaptive state-of-health transient thermal model can effectively monitor the steady and transient performance of the fuel cell. Subsequently, a mathematical model is proposed to describe the relationship among the load current, state of health, and optimal temperature using the temperature sensitivity test data and the transient thermal model of the adaptive state of health, which provides important insights into the optimal temperature range tailored to the current state of health of fuel cells to ensure efficient and stable operation of fuel cells all the time and contributes to the fine design of an optimal degradation adaptive temperature control strategy. 

Adaptive state-of-health temperature sensitivity characteristics for durability improvement of PEM fuel cells

Methodology for efficient parametrisation of electrochemical PEMFC model for virtual observers: Model based optimal design of experiments supported by parameter sensitivity analysis

Optimal gas feeding operations for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is of great importance for the selection of auxiliary components, including air compressor, humidifier, etc., to assemble an efficient power source system. In this work, taking a co-flow 20-cell PEMFC stack as example, the orthogonal experiment is designed to optimize 3 sets of operating parameters, including cathode stoichiometry, cathode inlet dew temperature and cell temperature. It is found the cathode inlet dew temperature has the largest impact on PEMFC’s output voltage, which is different from the results of counter-flow PEMFC stack in the works of other researchers. Besides, the optimized combination of the operating parameters is achieved as follow: the cathode stoichiometry is 2.5, and the relative humidity (RH) of cathode inlet gas is close to 100%.

Optimization of gas feeding operations for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell with the co-flow feeding gas mode

Simulation of Hydraulic and Hybrid Excavators

Simulation von hydraulischen und hybriden Baggern

Design of experiments (DoE) is a widely used approach for powertrain calibration tasks to reduce testing time. The generation of DoE points and the test execution are normally performed in two separate and sequential steps. However, while building the models for certain highly nonlinear engine responses (e.g., particulate mass), state-of-the-art designs cannot distribute sufficient points in areas that are particularly relevant for the later optimisation. To improve the conventional DoE approach, this paper suggests a methodology that leaves out candidates which appear to have compromised performance in one or more output channels. The behaviour of defined measurement channels is modelled during the test execution and additional candidates are positioned iteratively. After each measurement, the models are updated. Practical examples show that this proposed and unique method known as 'COR DoE' leads to a reduction of testing effort, as well as a significantly improved modelling, optimisation and verification accuracy.

Iterative DoE - improved emission models and better optimisation results within a shortened measurement time

The influence of the air cooling flow rate and current density on the temperature, voltage and power density is a challenging issue for air-cooled, open cathode fuel cells. Electro-thermal maps have been generated using large datasets (530 experimental points) to characterise these correlations, which reveal that the amount of cooling, alongside with the load, directly affect the cell temperature. This work uses the design of experiment (DoE) approach to tackle two challenges. Firstly, an S-optimal design plan is used to reduce the number of experiments from 530 to 555 to determine the peak power density in an electro-thermal map. Secondly, the design of experiment approach is used to determine the fastest way to reach the highest power density, yet limiting acute temperature gradients, via three intermediate steps of current density and air cooling rate.

/pdf/design-of-experiments-to-generate-a-fuel-cell-electro-okrff3no39.pdf

Design of experiments to generate a fuel cell electro-thermal performance map and optimise transitional pathways

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Iterative DoE - improved emission models and better optimisation results within a shortened measurement time

Design of experiments to generate a fuel cell electro-thermal performance map and optimise transitional pathways