The halogen bond occurs when there is evidence of a net attractive interaction between an electrophilic region associated with a halogen atom in a molecular entity and a nucleophilic region in another, or the same, molecular entity. In this fairly extensive review, after a brief history of the interaction, we will provide the reader with a snapshot of where the research on the halogen bond is now, and, perhaps, where it is going. The specific advantages brought up by a design based on the use of the halogen bond will be demonstrated in quite different fields spanning from material sciences to biomolecular recognition and drug design.

The Halogen Bond

Isatins As Privileged Molecules in Design and Synthesis of Spiro-Fused Cyclic Frameworks

The world is confronted with the twin crises of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. The indiscriminate extraction and consumption of fossil fuels have led to a reduction in petroleum reserves. Petroleum based fuels are obtained from limited reserves. These finite reserves are highly concentrated in certain region of the world. Therefore, those countries not having these resources are facing a foreign exchange crisis, mainly due to the import of crude petroleum oil. Hence it is necessary to look for alternative fuels, which can be produced from materials available within the country. Although vegetative oils can be fuel for diesel engines, but their high viscosities, low volatilities and poor cold flow properties have led to the investigation of its various derivatives. Among the different possible sources, fatty acid methyl esters, known as Biodiesel fuel derived from triglycerides (vegetable oil and animal fates) by transesterification with methanol, present the promising alternative substitute to diesel fuels and have received the most attention now a day. The main advantages of using Biodiesel are its renewability, better quality exhaust gas emission, its biodegradability and the organic carbon present in it is photosynthetic in origin. It does not contribute to a rise in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and consequently to the green house effect. This paper reviews the source of production and characterization of vegetable oils and their methyl ester as the substitute of the petroleum fuel and future possibilities of Biodiesel production.

Biodiesel production through the use of different sources and characterization of oils and their esters as the substitute of diesel: A review

Integrated biodiesel production: a comparison of different homogeneous catalysts systems.

Two-dimensionally extended, polycyclic heteroaromatic molecules (heterocyclic nanographenes) are a highly versatile class of organic materials, applicable as functional chromophores and organic semiconductors. In this Review, we discuss the rich chemistry of large heteroaromatics, focusing on their synthesis, electronic properties, and applications in materials science. This Review summarizes the historical development and current state of the art in this rapidly expanding field of research, which has become one of the key exploration areas of modern heterocyclic chemistry.

Heterocyclic Nanographenes and Other Polycyclic Heteroaromatic Compounds: Synthetic Routes, Properties, and Applications

Bei der Umsetzung von Tetracyanathylen mit Barbitursauren werden in Abhangigkeit von der Reaktionstemperatur Tetrahydro-2H-pyrano[2.3-d]pyrimidine (2a, b) oder Dipyrimidinylmalodinitrile (3a, b) erhalten. 1,3-Disubstituierte 5-Pyrazolone reagieren in ahnlicher Weise. Aus 3-Aminopyrazolen und Tetracyanathylen entstehen unter Eliminierung von HCN (Tricyanvinyl)pyrazole (12a, b), welche zu Pyrazolo[3.4-b]pyridinen (13a–c) cyclisiert werden konnen.



Syntheses with Nitriles, XXXV. Reactions of Tetracyanoethylene with Heterocyclic Compounds



The reaction of tetracyanoethylene with barbituric acids yields tetrahydro-2H-pyrano[2.3-d]-pyrimidines (2a, b) or dipyrimidinylmalonodinitriles (3a, b) depending on the reaction temperature. 1,3-Disubstituted 5-pyrazolones react in a similar way. Reaction of 3-amino-pyrazoles with tetracyanoethylene results in elimination of HCN and formation of (tricyanovinyl)pyrazoles (12a, b), which cyclize to pyrazolo[3.4-b]pyridines (13a–c).

Synthesen mit Nitrilen, XXXV. Reaktionen von Tetracyanäthylen mit Heterocyclen

Diesel fuel derived from vegetable oils: Preparation and use of rape oil methyl ester

Diesel fuel derived from vegetable oils, II: Emission tests using rape oil methyl ester

1.3-Cyclohexanediones easily react with aromatic amines and triethyl orthoformate yielding enaminoketones. With malononitrile and KOH hexahydroquinolinediones can be obtained, in the presence of piperidine cyclisation to hexahydroisoquinolinones occurs. The way of cyclisation depends upon the amine part of the used enaminoketones.

Über Anilinomethylenverbindungen der Cyclohexandione

The synthesis of N-substituted 3-aminomethylene-derivatives of 2,4-chromandiones, 6-methyl-pyrandiones and 1,6-dimethyl-2,4-pyridinediones is described. Stereochemistry of the mentioned enaminoketones is studied,E andZ isomers can be observed and the hindered rotation of the C—N bond is investigated by1H-NMR-spectroscopy at variable temperatures.

Darstellung, E/Z -Isomerie und gehinderte Rotation an N-substituierten Aminomethylen-chromandionen,-pyrandionen und-pyridindionen

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