In the last decade record-breaking rainfall events have occurred in many places around the world causing severe impacts to human society and the environment including agricultural losses and floodings. There is now medium confidence that human-induced greenhouse gases have contributed to changes in heavy precipitation events at the global scale. Here, we present the first analysis of record-breaking daily rainfall events using observational data. We show that over the last three decades the number of record-breaking events has significantly increased in the global mean. Globally, this increase has led to 12 % more record-breaking rainfall events over 1981–2010 compared to those expected in stationary time series. The number of record-breaking rainfall events peaked in 2010 with an estimated 26 % chance that a new rainfall record is due to long-term climate change. This increase in record-breaking rainfall is explained by a statistical model which accounts for the warming of air and associated increasing water holding capacity only. Our results suggest that whilst the number of rainfall record-breaking events can be related to natural multi-decadal variability over the period from 1901 to 1980, observed record-breaking rainfall events significantly increased afterwards consistent with rising temperatures.

Increased record-breaking precipitation events under global warming

Invasion rates are increasing worldwide and most are due to the actions of humans. Deliberate introductions, escapes, and hitchhiking with global commerce transport species to other continents. While most species fail to thrive or have minor impacts on their new ecosystems, the large number of introductions has led to numerous problems. Aquatic invasive species are particularly pervasive and may cause food web disruption, biodiversity loss, and economic harm. Biological invasions appear in an increasing number of publications in the aquatic and general ecology literature. This special issue of Hydrobiologia includes 31 papers on aquatic invasive species and the factors that influence their dispersal and success, along with their impacts. Ecosystems include freshwater ponds, lakes and reservoirs, small streams and large rivers, and coastal marine systems. Study regions occur in temperate, as well as less-studied tropical and sub-tropical regions of four different continents. We discuss the dynamics of invasive species research in the current literature and provide a brief overview of the contributions to this issue.

/pdf/aquatic-invasive-species-general-trends-in-the-literature-55gkwr0kvy.pdf

Aquatic invasive species: general trends in the literature and introduction to the special issue

Foliar application of silicon improves growth of soybean by enhancing carbon metabolism under shading conditions.

Herbivory-induced maternal effects on growth and defense traits in the clonal species Alternanthera philoxeroides.

Connected ramets of aquatic clonal plants are susceptible to fragmentation by disturbance. Such clonal fragmentation may interact with nutrient availability and individual density to affect growth and morphology of aquatic clonal plants. We grew the widespread floating clonal plant Spirodela polyrhiza (duckweed) under three levels of population density (low, medium, or high), two levels of nutrient availability (low or high), and two levels of clonal fragmentation (with or without). Clonal fragmentation and high nutrients increased biomass and ramet number, but decreased frond width, frond length, and specific frond area of S. polyrhiza. Increasing population density decreased growth (biomass and ramet number) and frond and root size, and increased frond thickness of individual ramets of S. polyrhiza. The negative effect of population density on growth of S. polyrhiza was greater under high than under low nutrient availability. Furthermore, the negative effect of population density on total mass and frond mass of S. polyrhiza was greater with fragmentation than without. These results suggest that clonal fragmentation, nutrient availability and population density can interact to affect growth and morphology of clonal floating plants. Competition for nutrients and space, rather than light, may be the mechanisms underlying reduced growth of clonal floating plants. As clonal fragmentation can increase biomass and ramet production of S. polyrhiza, disturbance that potentially causes clonal fragmentation cannot be recommended as a measure to limit the spread of clonal floating plants.

/pdf/growth-and-morphological-responses-of-duckweed-to-clonal-2e5aapxwdh.pdf

Growth and Morphological Responses of Duckweed to Clonal Fragmentation, Nutrient Availability, and Population Density.

Climate change may lead to more intense and frequent flooding. Alternanthera philoxeroides is a perennial that grows rapidly in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. However, there is a lack of information about whether this species survive or not under flooded conditions, especially when completely submerged. In this study, the effect of submergence at depths of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 m on the growth of A. philoxeroides was investigated. The results showed that submergence decreased the growth of A. philoxeroides but allowed 100% survival. Because of increased shoot length when submerged at the 0.5 m depth for 2 weeks, 62.5% of plants grew above the water. Elongation of shoots and internodes, higher specific leaf area ratio, the leaf weight ratio and stem diameters, development of new leaves (not at depths deeper than 1.0 m), and adventitious roots at all depths were tolerance strategies of A. philoxeroides in response to submergence. These strategies suggest that this species is highly tolerant to flooding even when it is completely submerged at 3.0 m depth. This may contribute greatly to the invasiveness of A. philoxeroides and make it very adaptable to habitats that are heavily disturbed (such as by flooding).

The effects of complete submergence on the morphological and biomass allocation response of the invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides

Understanding the biotic and abiotic factors that influence the susceptibility of a community to invasion is beneficial for the prediction and management of invasive species and the conservation of native biodiversity. However, the relationships between factors and invasibility of a community have not been fully confirmed, and the factors most associated with the susceptibility of a community to invasion have rarely been identified. In this study, we investigated the species richness patterns in aquatic exotic and native plants and the relationships of exotic species richness with habitat and water environment factors in 262 aquatic plant communities in China. A total of 11 exotic plant species were recorded in our field survey, and we found neither a negative nor a positive relationship between aquatic exotic and native plant species richness. The aquatic exotic plant species richness is negatively correlated with the relative coverage and biomass of native plants but positively correlated with the total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations in the water. The native plant species richness, native species' relative coverage, and native species' biomass were positively related to each other, whereas the TP, TN, and COD were also positively related to each other. The native plant species richness, native species' relative coverage, and native species biomass were each negatively correlated with the TP, TN, and COD. In addition, biotic rather than abiotic predictors accounted for most of the variation in exotic plant richness. Our results suggest that improving the vegetation coverage and the biodiversity of native plants is the most effective approach for preventing alien plant invasions and minimizing their impacts on freshwater ecosystems.

/pdf/coverage-of-native-plants-is-key-factor-influencing-the-5fivkes8h1.pdf

Coverage of Native Plants Is Key Factor Influencing the Invasibility of Freshwater Ecosystems by Exotic Plants in China.

When exotic species are introduced into new areas, establishment is a vital step in their invasion process. Therefore, overwintering strategies determine whether an exotic species from low latitudes can successfully invade middle- and high-latitude areas. In this study, we investigated the effects of nutrient and water drawdown on overwintering in an exotic aquatic plant from the tropical zone, Eichhornia crassipes, at the northern margin of its distribution in China. The population density, size of individuals, and the size and nitrogen concentration of overwintering organs (stem base) of E. crassipes that grew in high-nutrition water were greater than those that grew in low-nutrient water before winter. The overwinter survival rate of E. crassipes was significantly affected by the water level and nutrient. The thick and dense floating mat of E. crassipes can increase the temperature of water bodies; therefore, the overwinter survival rate of E. crassipes was higher in constant-water-level and high-nutrient treatment. In contrast, due to the loss of heat preservation provided by the floating mats and the low nitrogen concentration in the stem base, all individuals of E. crassipes died in constant-water-level and low-nutrient treatment. In the water-drawdown treatments, the stem base of E. crassipes was directly exposed to low-temperature air; therefore, the overwinter survival rate of E. crassipes was lower. Our results reveal that eutrophication can not only improve the competitiveness of E. crassipes but can also improve the survival rate of overwintering plants in temperate regions. Our study also suggests that removing nutrients from the water and regulating the water level can limit the invasion of E. crassipes in temperate and subtropical regions.

Effects of Eutrophication and Different Water Levels on Overwintering of Eichhornia crassipes at the Northern Margin of Its Distribution in China.

Effect of initial void ratio on the tensile strength of unsaturated silty soils

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ddi.13406

Effects of different scenarios of temperature rise and biological control agents on interactions between two noxious invasive plants

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