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Oxytocin increases retention of social cognition in autism.

Many patients find it difficult to swallow tablets and hard gelatin capsules and do not take their medication as prescribed. It is estimated that 50% of the population is affected by this problem which results in a high incidence of non-compliance and ineffective therapy. The difficulty is experienced in particular by paediatric and geriatric patients, but it also applies to people who are ill in bed and to those active working patients who are busy or travelling, especially those who have no access to water. Such problems can be resolved by means of the Zydis dosage form which does not require water to aid swallowing. The Zydis fast-dissolving dosage form is a unique freeze dried medicinal tablet, made from well known and acceptable materials. When Zydis units are put into the mouth, the freeze dried structure disintegrates instantaneously releasing the drug which dissolves or disperses in the saliva. The saliva containing the dissolved or dispersed medicament is then swallowed and the drug is absorbed in the normal way. Some drugs are absorbed from the mouth, pharynx and oesophagus as the saliva passes down into the stomach. In these cases, the bioavailabilities of drugs from Zydis formulations are significantly greater than those observed from standard dosage forms. This paper deals with the formulation and process technology of the Zydis dosage form. The bioavailability characteristics of Zydis products are summarized, and in particular, the design of Zydis products for the enhancement of oral bioavailability and the improvement of clinical activity, through transmucosal delivery and pregastric absorption, is discussed.

Drug-delivery products and the Zydis fast-dissolving dosage form.

Oxytocin is a neuropeptide involved in a wide variety of social behaviors in diverse species. Recent research on its effects in humans has generated an arresting picture of its role in the dynamic function of the social brain. This review presents a broad overview of this uniquely social peptide, with a particular focus on extant studies of its effects in humans. After a short discussion of the evolutionary history of the oxytocin system, critical aspects of its peripheral and central physiology, and several salient technical issues surrounding human oxytocin research, a systematic review of studies of the effects of intranasal oxytocin in humans is presented. These effects include alterations in social decision making, processing of social stimuli, certain uniquely social behaviors (e.g., eye contact), and social memory. Oxytocin's prosocial influence is then framed by an evolutionary perspective on its role in mammalian social bonding and attachment. Finally, limitations in current human oxytocin research and oxytocin's potential therapeutic applications are discussed. Key conclusions are (1) human research with intranasal oxytocin has uniquely enhanced our understanding of the microstructure and function of the human social brain, and (2) the oxytocin system is a promising target for therapeutic interventions in a variety of conditions, especially those characterized by anxiety and aberrations in social function.

/pdf/the-peptide-that-binds-a-systematic-review-of-oxytocin-and-2esek7oupt.pdf

The peptide that binds: a systematic review of oxytocin and its prosocial effects in humans.

Interpreting EEG alpha activity

Cognitive event-related potential correlates of schizophrenia

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses an international pilot study of contingent negative variation (CNV) in mental illness. Following the 4th Event-Related Potential International Congress, Roth analyzed the shortcomings of ERPs in clinical psychiatry. As diagnostic tool their value is blunted by their imprecise relationship with psychiatric disorders and whatever insights into the nature of mental illness are claimed from the study of these potentials are called in question by apparent discordance between the results from different laboratories. Subjects are motivated to participate by being involved in this research which could increase knowledge about mental illness. They are paid expenses of not more than the equivalent of 5 dollars. The approach of the staff (whose gender was noted) is friendly but not patronizing. Explanation and reassurance (to allay fears concerning the possibility of receiving electric shocks for instance) is given during the electrode application.

An International Pilot Study of CNV in Mental Illness.

Inhibitory influence of oxytocin infusion on contingent negative variation and some memory tasks in normal men.

A new formulation of oxazepam especially designed to increase the speed of absorption and eliminate the need to use water (freeze-dried dosage formulation; FDDF) was compared in double-blind and cross

Self-Reports of Anxiety Level and EEG Changes after a Single Dose of Benzodiazepines

Adinazolam, a triazolobenzodiazepine that has an action similar to antidepressants in several pharmacological tests, was compared with amitriptyline and diazepam in endogenous depressive inpatients exhibiting dexamethasone suppression test non-suppression and/or abnormal contingent negative variation. Three parallel groups of 22 patients received in double-blind conditions either adinazolam (60-90 mg/day), amitriptyline (150-225 mg/day), or diazepam (30-45 mg/day) over a 4-week period, with weekly assessments by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Results showed significant superiority of amitriptyline over diazepam on total Hamilton depression scores. On the endogenomorphy subscale, amitriptyline induced significantly better improvement than both diazepam and adinazolam, whereas both amitriptyline and adinazolam exhibited significantly better antidepressant efficacy on the core symptoms of depression. Moreover, the dropout rate for inefficacy after 2 weeks of treatment was higher in the diazepam group. Taken together, these findings suggest that adinazolam has an antidepressant efficacy intermediate between amitriptyline and diazepam. Adinazolam was, however, much better tolerated than amitriptyline, and produced significantly fewer anticholinergic side effects.

/pdf/comparison-of-adinazolam-amitriptyline-and-diazepam-in-fi8cp5i4di.pdf

Comparison of adinazolam, amitriptyline, and diazepam in endogenous depressive inpatients exhibiting DST nonsuppression or abnormal contingent negative variation.

Methodological Problems Raised by Contingent Negative Variations Interpretation in Psychopathological Conditions

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