SummaryTaxonomic relationships
Plum pox virus (PPV) is a member of the genus Potyvirus in the family Potyviridae. PPV diversity is structured into at least eight monophyletic strains.

Geographical distribution
First discovered in Bulgaria, PPV is nowadays present in most of continental Europe (with an endemic status in many central and southern European countries) and has progressively spread to many countries on other continents.

Genomic structure
Typical of potyviruses, the PPV genome is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), with a protein linked to its 5′ end and a 3′-terminal poly A tail. It is encapsidated by a single type of capsid protein (CP) in flexuous rod particles and is translated into a large polyprotein which is proteolytically processed in at least 10 final products: P1, HCPro, P3, 6K1, CI, 6K2, VPg, NIapro, NIb and CP. In addition, P3N-PIPO is predicted to be produced by a translational frameshift.

Pathogenicity features
PPV causes sharka, the most damaging viral disease of stone fruit trees. It also infects wild and ornamental Prunus trees and has a large experimental host range in herbaceous species. PPV spreads over long distances by uncontrolled movement of plant material, and many species of aphid transmit the virus locally in a nonpersistent manner.

Sources of resistance
A few natural sources of resistance to PPV have been found so far in Prunus species, which are being used in classical breeding programmes. Different genetic engineering approaches are being used to generate resistance to PPV, and a transgenic plum, ‘HoneySweet’, transformed with the viral CP gene, has demonstrated high resistance to PPV in field tests in several countries and has obtained regulatory approval in the USA.

Plum pox virus and sharka: a model potyvirus and a major disease

Sharka disease, caused by Plum pox virus (PPV) was first recorded in Bulgaria during the early twentieth century and since that first report, the disease has progressively spread throughout Europe and more recently to Asia, Africa, North and South America. Few PPV resistance genes have been found to naturally occur in Prunus and this has led to the investigation of biotech approaches to the development of resistance through genetic engineering (GE). A notable example of the utility of this approach is 'HoneySweet' plum. PPV protection in this case is based on RNA interference (RNAi) and resis- tance has been shown to be highly effective, stable, durable, and heritable as a dominant trait. Extensive testing and risk assessment of 'HoneySweet' in laboratory, greenhouse and in the field for over 20 years has demon- strated not only the effectiveness but also the safety of the technology. 'HoneySweet' has been cleared for cultivation in the USA. By the appropriate regulatory agencies. The development and regulatory approval of 'HoneySweet' demonstrate the ability of RNAi technology to contribute to the sustainability of stone fruit production in regions impacted by PPV. Although it has taken almost 100 years since the identification of sharka, we are now able to effectively protect stone fruit species against this disease through the application of GE.

/pdf/genetic-engineering-of-plum-pox-virus-resistance-honeysweet-3eg8d2lliz.pdf

Genetic engineering of Plum pox virus resistance: ‘HoneySweet’ plum—from concept to product

Plum pox virus (PPV), a member of the genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae, is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. RNA viruses tend to be genetically diverse because the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase responsible for virus replication lacks proofreading capacity. Consequently, PPV is genetically diverse, and nine strains of the virus (D, M, EA, C, Rec, W, T, CR, and An) have been identified to date. At least two of these strains (Rec, T) are the direct products of recombination events, a contributor to genetic diversity and a common occurrence in the genus Potyvirus. The strains are genetically distinct and can be identified using phylogenetic analysis of the whole genome, the PIPO gene, the polymerase region, and the coat protein (CP) region. The unique genetic characteristics of each strain have facilitated the development of nucleic-acid-based and protein-based tools that allow strain identification. The strains are usually defined also by distinct biological properties that may incl...

Genetic diversity of Plum pox virus: strains, disease and related challenges for control

Plum pox virus (PPV), a member of the genus Potyvirus, is the causal agent of Sharka, the most detrimental disease of stone-fruit trees worldwide. PPV isolates are grouped into seven distinct strains. The minor PPV-W strain was established recently for the divergent W3174 isolate found in Canada. Here, the partial or complete genomic sequences of four PPV-W isolates from Latvia have been determined. The completely sequenced isolates LV-141pl and LV-145bt share 93.1 and 92.1% nucleotide identity, respectively, with isolate W3174, with two regions of higher (>20%) divergence in the P1/HC-Pro and NIa (VPg) regions. Further analyses demonstrated that these two regions correspond to two independent recombination events in the W3174 genome, one involving PPV-M (approximate genome positions 692 to 1424) and the other PPV-D (nucleotides 5672 to 5789). The LV-141pl and LV-145bt isolates appear to be representatives of the “ancestral” PPV-W strain, not affected by recombination. The PPV-W intrastrain varia...

https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PHYTO-12-10-0334

Sequence Variability, Recombination Analysis, and Specific Detection of the W Strain of Plum pox virus

Plum pox virus (PPV) is the causal agent of sharka disease of stone fruit trees. Since the late 1960s, PPV infection has been reported in different regions of Turkey. In this study, we aim to discover PPV strains in infected regions and determine its genetic variability in Turkey. For this reason, 612 samples were collected from distant locations, where PPV was previously detected in most cases. First, PPV presence in the samples was tested with serological and molecular methods to confirm the disease. Then 314 positive samples were sequence analyzed at a 664-nucleotide length, including the P3-6K1 gene region, one of the most variable regions among Potyvirus species and quite conserved among different strains of a viral species. PPV-D and PPV-T strains were identified mostly in residential gardens, whereas PPV-M was mostly detected in the orchards, except one isolate that was identified as PPV-Rec in Bursa. PPV-T was found to be dominant in the Turkish PPV pool. Estimates of average evolutionary divergence over sequence pairs of P3-6K1 gene regions revealed that the mean intragroup diversity was 0.049 for W; 0.017 for Rec, T, and M; 0.14 for C; 0.012 for Turkish D; 0.009 for global D; and 0.007 for CR.

https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/agriculture/issues/tar-16-40-5/tar-40-5-10-1509-97.pdf

Strain identification and sequence variability of plum pox virus in Turkey

In July of 2008, during the Canadian Plum pox virus (PPV) eradication survey, three Prunus spp. trees (B-5, B-6, and C-1) in a home owner's yard in Grimsby, ON, Canada were found to be infected with PPV by triple antibody sandwich (TAS)-ELISA using the 5B generic monoclonal detecting antibody (1) and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using the well-validated universal primer set P1/P2. All three trees were grafted on an unknown plum rootstock cultivar. Tree B-5 contained grafts of unknown peach (P. persica) and plum (P. domestica) cultivars, tree B-6 contained the same peach graft as tree B-5 and an unknown apricot (P. armeniaca) cultivar, and tree C-1 was grafted with the same plum cultivar as tree B-5. Strain typing was done by TAS-ELISA using strain-specific monoclonal antibodies for D, M, C, and EA strains. Positive results were obtained with the M-specific test. Strain typing by RT-PCR also was done using primers specific for D, M, W, and recombinant (Rec) strains. Positive results were obtained with th...

First Report of Plum pox virus Recombinant Strain on Prunus spp. in Canada.

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First Report of Plum pox virus Recombinant Strain on Prunus spp. in Canada.