Poxviruses and the evolution of host range and virulence.

A 3-month-old fawn from a group of 12 captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) displaying cutaneous lesions was presented to the Mississippi Veterinary Research & Diagnostic Laboratory for necropsy. Postmortem examination identified multiple discrete, round, alopecic, flat, proliferative dermal lesions scattered along the skin of the lips, muzzle, pinna, ventral thorax, medial limbs, and most notably the abdomen. Multiple ulcers were present on the commissures of the lips, dorsal surface of the tongue, and left caudal buccal surface of the oral cavity. The abdomen was filled with fibrinopurulent exudate and ruminal contents. Multiple to coalescing transmural ulcers were identified in the rumen. Histopathological evaluation of the skin revealed markedly thickened epidermis and focal areas of superficial dermal fibrosis, intracytoplasmic, eosinophilic inclusions in swollen keratinocytes and lymphocytic and plasmacytic perivascular dermatitis. The rumen ulcers were surrounded with necrotic cellular...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1040638711416621

Diagnosis of Deerpox virus infection in a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fawn.

Infections caused by mule deerpox virus (MDPV) have been sporadically reported in North American cervids. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fawns from a farm located in South Central Florida presented with ulcerative and crusting lesions on the coronary band as well as the mucocutaneous tissues of the head. Evaluation of the crusted skin lesions was undertaken using microscopic pathology and molecular techniques. A crusted skin sample was processed for virus isolation in four mammalian cell lines. The resulting isolate was characterized by negative staining electron microscopy and deep sequencing. Histopathologic evaluation of the skin lesions from the fawns revealed a hyperplastic and proliferative epidermis with ballooning degeneration of epidermal and follicular keratinocytes with intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions. Electron microscopy of cell culture supernatant demonstrated numerous large brick-shaped particles typical of most poxviruses. Polymerase chain reaction assays followed by Sanger sequencing revealed a poxvirus gene sequence nearly identical to that of previous strains of MDPV. The full genome was recovered by deep sequencing and genetic analyses supported the Florida white-tailed deer isolate (MDPV-F) as a strain of MDPV. Herein, we report the first genome sequence of MDPV from a farmed white-tailed deer fawn in the South Central Florida, expanding the number of locations and geographic range in which MDPV has been identified.

Characterization of mule deerpox virus in Florida white-tailed deer fawns expands the known host and geographic range of this emerging pathogen

Deerpox virus (DPV) is the sole member of the newly ratified Cervidpoxvirus genus in the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae. Presented here is the first diagnostic report of isolation of DPV from a goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa). A tissue homogenate was submitted by a zoologic park to the Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at the University of Minnesota for poxvirus diagnostic investigation and then referred to Plum Island Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory for confirmation. Poxviral infection was confirmed using electron microscopy. The virus was cultured in vero cells and subjected to further diagnoses for characterization. Polymerase chain reaction targeting the major envelope (B2L) protein and RNA polymerase of parapoxviruses, and the poly-A polymerase gene of capripoxviruses, were all negative. Degenerative pan-poxvirus primers that target the DNA polymerase (DNApol) and DNA topoisomerase (DNAtopo) genes, however, successfully amplified poxviral DNA fragments. Amplification of the DNApol and DNAtopo genes yielded fragments of 543 and 344 base pairs, respectively. DNA sequence and phylogenetic analysis of each gene fragment from the gazelle isolate showed >97% identity in BLAST searches with two DPV virus strains (W848-83 and W-1170-84) isolated from North American mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in 1983-1984. Neighbor-joining trees indicate that the isolate is a member of the Cervidpoxvirus genus and shows a more-distant relationship to other ruminant poxviruses, namely the Capripoxvirus genus consisting of lumpy skin disease, sheeppox, and goatpox viruses. This report documents the premiere finding of DPV, a recently characterized virus, in gazelles and demonstrates the need for broadened investigation when diagnosing poxvirus infections in ruminants.

https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine/volume-44/issue-3/2012-0090R2.1/ISOLATION-AND-CHARACTERIZATION-OF-A-CERVIDPOXVIRUS-FROM-A-GOITERED-GAZELLE/10.1638/2012-0090R2.1.pdf

Isolation and characterization of a Cervidpoxvirus from a goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) from a zoologic park in Minnesota.

The pathogenic potential of deerpox virus was investigated via an experimental study utilizing seven black-tailed deer fawns (Odocoileus hemionus) between June and August of 2007. Successful transmission was achieved via intracutaneous and intravenous routes, and by commingling an uninoculated animal with experimentally infected fawns. One fawn became depressed and reluctant to eat but systemic clinical signs in the other fawns were confined to mild transient pyrexia. Typical multifocal poxviral cutaneous lesions of erythema, papules, pustules, ulceration, and crusting were observed. Two locally extensive ulcerative lesions also developed at inoculation sites. Oral lesions were seen in one commingled fawn, with some palatine epithelial cells containing intracytoplasmic inclusions. Microscopic cutaneous lesions included epithelial cell hyperplasia with hydropic change, intraepithelial pustules, erosions, folliculitis, and dense leukocytic dermal infiltrates. Transmission was confirmed by one or more of vir...

Experimental deerpox infection in black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus)

The present report describes the analysis of 4 Deerpox virus isolates from California, Oregon, and Ontario, Canada. All 4 isolates were associated with cutaneous crusting lesions. Examination of selected samples by electron microscopy demonstrated that the viruses were morphologically similar to orthopoxviruses. Phylogenetic analysis of the A21 gene, which is found in all poxviruses, indicated that the 4 isolates form a lineage distinct from other members except for those belonging to the genus Cervidpoxvirus of the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae .M embers of theCervidpoxvirus lineage encode a set of genes not found in other poxviruses. These include homologs of genes encoding interleukin 1 receptor antagonists (IL-1Ra) and C-type lectin-like receptors (CTLR). In the current investigation, genes encoding homologs of IL-1Ra and CTLR were amplified from all the isolates and were found to be closely related to orthologs found in the Cervidpoxvirus genus, which further supports the inclusion of these isolates in the Cervidpoxvirus genus.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/104063870902100409

Characterization of Cervidpoxvirus Isolates from Oregon, California, and Eastern Canada

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Characterization of Cervidpoxvirus Isolates from Oregon, California, and Eastern Canada