The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "Frontal Lobe" tasks: a latent variable analysis.

Choice, active response, self-regulation, and other volition may all draw on a common inner resource. In Experiment 1, people who forced themselves to eat radishes instead of tempting chocolates subsequently quit faster on unsolvable puzzles than people who had not had to exert self-control over eating. In Experiment 2, making a meaningful personal choice to perform attitude-relevant behavior caused a similar decrement in persistence. In Experiment 3, suppressing emotion led to a subsequent drop in performance of solvable anagrams. In Experiment 4, an initial task requiring high self-regulation made people more passive (i.e., more prone to favor the passive-response option). These results suggest that the self's capacity for active volition is limited and that a range of seemingly different, unrelated acts share a common resource.

/pdf/ego-depletion-is-the-active-self-a-limited-resource-54krf29agc.pdf

Ego depletion: is the active self a limited resource?

The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire

A pesar de la relativamente corta historia de la Psicologia como ciencia, existen pocos constructos psicologicos que perduren 90 anos despues de su formulacion y que, aun mas, continuen plenamente vigentes en la actualidad. El factor «g» es sin duda alguna uno de esos escasos ejemplos y para contrastar su vigencia actual tan solo hace falta comprobar su lugar de preeminencia en los modelos factoriales de la inteligencia mas aceptados en la actualidad, bien como un factor de tercer orden en los modelos jerarquicos o bien identificado con un factor de segundo orden en el modelo del recientemente desaparecido R.B.Cattell.

The g Factor: The Science of Mental Ability

On death and dying

Understanding antisocial behavior and organizational misconduct is an important objective, because these maladaptive behaviors are disruptive and costly to organizations and to society as a whole. The objective of this study was to identify psychosocial risk factors for misconduct and antisocial behavior in a sample of Navy personnel. A group of sailors (n = 158) who had engaged in significant misconduct were compared with a demographically similar group of sailors (n = 288) who had not engaged in misconduct and who were in good standing with the Navy. The psychosocial variables that emerged as the most important risk factors for antisocial behavior were alcohol use (odds ratio [OR] = 2.42), high impulsivity (OR = 2.20), high trait hostility (OR = 1.79), and antisocial behavior of friends (OR = 1.65). The implications of these results for the military and for research on antisocial behavior are discussed.

Risk Factors for Misconduct in a Navy Sample

We evaluated associations of five candidate polymorphisms (Bcl1 [rs41423247], -2C/G [rs2070951], COMT [rs737865], Val66Met [rs6265], and 5HTTLPR [biallelic and triallelic [5HTTLPR/rs25531]) with probable MDD and suicidal ideation (SI), the effects of physical activity on these endpoints, and whether physical activity attenuates genetic risk in military members (N=736). C carriers who were also less physically active were 3.3 times as likely to meet criteria for probable MDD and 9.6 times as likely to endorse SI as compared to physically active GG carriers. An adequate dose of physical activity diminishes risk of MDD and SI imposed by a genetic predisposition.

A genetic risk factor for major depression and suicidal ideation is mitigated by physical activity

Preexisting mental disorders are not always considered in mental health studies with military populations, even though prior diagnoses may be a risk factor for additional psychiatric harm stemming from combat exposure, as well as postdeployment behavioral problems. The objectives of this study were to investigate postcombat psychiatric and career outcomes among Marines with preexisting mental disorder diagnoses who deployed to combat in Iraq, Afghanistan, or Kuwait from 2002 to 2008. Marines with a preexisting diagnosis were 3.6 times (p < .001) more likely to have at least 1 postdeployment mental health disorder within 6 months postdeployment compared with Marines with no prior psychiatric diagnoses. Marines with a preexisting diagnosis were also 1.8 (p < .001) times more likely to receive a new-onset psychiatric diagnosis within 6 months postdeployment, indicating that postdeployment mental health concerns in this cohort extend beyond continuation of earlier disorders. Additionally, demotions and separation were significantly associated with having any preexisting mental health diagnoses (yielding odds ratios of 2.34 and 2.00, p < .001, respectively. Based on the current findings, it may be advisable to mandate a full medical and psychiatric record review during deployment health screening as part of new initiatives to address whether combat exposure has worsened preexisting conditions or compounded them with new-onset concerns.

Postcombat outcomes among Marines with preexisting mental diagnoses.

Limited research exists regarding the rates of and outcomes associated with psychiatric comorbidity among active duty military personnel. This study investigated the rates of comorbid psychiatric diagnoses among 81,720 U.S. Marines, and assessed the relationships between preexisting comorbid disorders and risk of psychiatric hospitalizations and attrition from service. The study used medical, deployment, and personnel records for all Marines who enlisted between 2002 and 2005. The baseline rate of comorbidity was 1.3% for Marines who deployed during the first term of service, and 6.3% for Marines who did not deploy. The most common baseline comorbidity among deployed Marines was mood disorders with anxiety disorders, and mood and adjustment disorders among nondeployed Marines. Logistic regression analyses revealed Marines with comorbid diagnoses before deployment were over three times more likely to attrite (odds ratio = 3.4, p < 0.001) and over five times more likely to be hospitalized for psychi...

/pdf/implications-of-psychiatric-comorbidity-among-combat-2aoo5j78av.pdf

Implications of Psychiatric Comorbidity Among Combat Veterans

Jensen's reaction-time experiments: Another look☆

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