The planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) is popular for portable wireless devices because of its compact size and low profile. The PIFA is designed to operate with a ground plane and the ground plane is an integral part of the antenna assembly. In fact, the ground plane size is the limiting factor for the PIFA in many applications. Some work has been reported on the performance of PIFAs mounted on a conducting box of fixed size; however, what is lacking is a parametric study on the antenna behaviour as a function of geometry or antenna position and orientation on a finite ground plane. The paper presents results from a comprehensive investigation on the performance of a conventional PIFA mounted on ground planes of various sizes and shapes. The orientation and position of the antenna on a fixed-size ground plane is analysed. The influence of ground plane geometry on resonant frequency, bandwidth, gain, and radiation patterns are presented. These results are very useful in the design of a PIFA for applications requiring a small ground plane. Specifically, the results show the trade-offs between PIFA geometry and ground plane size with electrical performance. Both numerical simulation and experimental data are presented.

/pdf/ground-plane-effects-on-planar-inverted-f-antenna-pifa-tyabrx9idk.pdf

Ground plane effects on planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) performance

In many situations it is not sufficient to know the performance of an antenna in isolation, but instead it is necessary to know the performance characteristics of the antenna on, or in proximity to, another body or platform. Hybrid techniques which use the method of moments (MM) to treat part of the problem and some other method to account for the (usually larger) reminder are examined. In the MM/Green's function techniques, to the usual MM matrix is added another matrix, derived typically by some other method, that accounts for the normally larger part of the problem without increasing the order of the MM matrix. These techniques utilize electric fields in their formulation and are referred to as field-based hybrid techniques. The last two hybrid techniques considered in this review paper are current-based techniques. Both use the MM for a part of the platform and use approximate current forms for the remainder of the platform. All these methods are reviewed, and their utility is illustrated by examples or by comparison to other methods. >

Overview of selected hybrid methods in radiating system analysis

This hybrid technique is a method for solving electromagnetic problems in which an antenna is located near a conducting body. The technique accomplishes this by casting the antenna structure in a moment method (MM) format, then modifying that format to account for the effects of the conducting body via the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD). The technique extends the moment method to handle problems that cannot be solved by GTD or the moment method alone. Wire antennas are analyzed to find their input impedance when they are located near perfectly conducting circular cylinders, although the methods used are not restricted to circular cylinders. Three orthogonal orientations are identified, and antennas to match them are analyzed. For each case, the hybrid solution is checked with one of three independent solutions: an MM-eigenfunction solution, image theory, or experimental measurement. In almost all cases, excellent agreement is obtained due in large part to the fact that the moment method near fields are, for the first time, cast into a ray optical form.

/pdf/a-hybrid-technique-for-combining-the-moment-method-treatment-3dvmc6l52t.pdf

A hybrid technique for combining the moment method treatment of wire antennas with the GTD for curved surfaces

An overview is presented of a hybrid technique for solving electromagnetic radiation and scattering problems by combining the method of moments (MM) with a special Green's function. The method, referred to as an MM/Green's function solution, combines the ability of MM solutions to treat geometrically complex bodies with the accuracy and computational efficiency of Green's function solutions. Compared to a standard MM solution, the MM/Green's function solution reduces the number of unknowns and thus the computer storage requirements. In most cases the CPU time for the MM/Green's function solution is considerably less than that for a standard MM solution. An example problem of TM scattering by a semicircular strip in the presence of a circular cylinder is solved by the MM, and by the MM/Green's function technique with a matrix, exact eigenfunction, and high-frequency Green's function. >

An overview of the hybrid MM/Green's function method in electromagnetics

This antenna is intended for communication between a stationary satellite and mobile stations, and is designed to possess circularly polarized conical beams It generates a beam in the desired direction, by means of changing the inclination angle of the linear-antenna elements, and the spacing between the antenna elements, without phase shifters The antenna inclination angle (/spl alpha/), the antenna length (e), the distance between antenna elements (d), and the radius of the circular reflector (R), are adopted as parameters, and optimum values for the directivity of the research objective are obtained by calculation Four elements of the antenna are fed by in-phase signals, the distances between elements are set to appropriate lengths, and by providing spatial phase differences of 90/spl deg/, circularly polarized waves are obtained The antenna elements are fundamentally monopole radiators Ultimately, the antenna parameters were determined as follows: /spl Lscr/=064/spl lambda/ (120 mm), R=043/spl lambda/ (80 mm), /spl alpha/=45/spl deg/, and d=048/spl lambda/ (90 mm) In the calculation, the frequency was set to 16 GHz It was seen that the beam radiation intensity took the maximum value in the angular range of /spl theta/=30/spl deg/ to 60/spl deg/, and that the /spl theta/ and /spl phi/ components of the electric field were approximately equal In other words, the radiated waves were circularly polarized An experiment for measuring the directivity of the circularly polarized conical-beam antenna was carried out by using four monopole antennas, and the effectiveness of the theoretical analysis was confirmed Experiments were carried out for the impedance and directivity

Research on circularly polarized conical-beam antennas

A hybrid technique which formally combines the method of moments with the geometrical theory of diffraction is used to efficiently generate sufficient frequency domain data so that accurate transformation to the time domain can be accomplished via the fast fourier transform. The advantage of the hybrid technique is that it permits one to solve problems that cannot readily be solved by either method alone. For example, the problem of a monopole at the center of a circular disk is considered. The monopole is characterized by the method of moments, and the finite size of the disk is accounted for by geometrical theory of diffraction techniques. The technique applies equally well, however, to antennas on other bodies such as satellites and aircraft and could be used to investigate the electromagnetic pulse (EMP) response of antennas on such bodies.

Application of the hybrid technique to time domain problems

Application of the Hybrid Technique to Time Domain Problems

Application oftheHybrid Technique toTimeDomainProblems

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Application of the hybrid technique to time domain problems

Application of the Hybrid Technique to Time Domain Problems

Application oftheHybrid Technique toTimeDomainProblems