Background Increasing the availability of safe blood is a major challenge in developing countries. Given the scant amount of community-based data in Africa, this study examines the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of blood donation of Ethiopian adults. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 421 adult residents of Adama town using face-to-face interviews with translated questionnaires. Knowledge and attitude levels were assessed using a set of questions and those who answered above mean for knowledge and attitude questions were categorized as above-average knowledge level and favorable attitude, respectively. The data were coded and entered into EPI Info™ version 7, transferred to SPSS version 25 for cleaning and analysis. All variables with p<0.25 in the bivariable analysis were examined as candidate variables in the multivariable logistic regression models. Results Less than half, 47% (95% CI: 42-52%) of the study participants have above-average knowledge level about blood donation and 48% (95% CI: 43-53%) have favorable attitudes towards blood donation. Only 17% (95% CI: 13-21%) of study participants ever donated blood of which 14.6% of them donated for replacement and less than 2% (1.95%) are voluntary donors. Younger age of 18-25 AOR: 95% CI: 3.40 (1.30, 12.43), having good knowledge AOR: 95% CI: 2.21 (1.26, 3.89) and favorable attitude AOR: 95% CI: 10.25 (4.90, 21.44) were factors independently associated with blood donation practice. Conclusion The level of blood donation practiced in the study area is low. Low knowledge and poor attitudes are independent predictors of low inclination to donate, so awareness creation and improving attitudes in blood donation campaigns, particularly among older people is necessary to increase voluntary blood donation.

/pdf/voluntary-blood-donation-knowledge-attitudes-and-practices-4vlvgwpx8h.pdf

Voluntary Blood Donation Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices in Central Ethiopia

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess voluntary blood donation practice and associated factors among Bale Robe town civil servants in Oromia, Southeast Ethiopia, 2021. Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 601 civil servants selected by a stratified systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire was pre-tested on 5% of the total sample size before actual data collection. Data were coded and entered into EpiData version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Frequency distribution, descriptive statistics, and diagrams were used to summarize and present data. Binary logistic regression was performed to assess the association between independent variables and voluntary blood donation practice. An adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated to identify factors associated with the outcome variables. And p-value < 0.05 was used to declare significance. Result: Of the total of 630 selected civil servants, 601 give a complete response to the questionnaire yielding a response rate of 95%. The mean age of participants was 34.19 years, and 328 (54.6%) of them were rural residents before they joined the governmental work. The lifetime voluntary blood donation practice among civil servants was 27%; 95% confidence interval = (23%–31%). The major reason for not donating blood was fear related to blood donation 186 (42.4%). From multivariable logistic regression, four variables were found as significant independent variables associated with voluntary blood donation practice. Accordingly, having a family member or relative who previously donate blood (adjusted odds ratio = 2.48; 95% confidence interval = (1.39, 4.39)), previous participation in a blood donation campaign (adjusted odds ratio = 5.84; 95% confidence interval = (3.39, 1.04)), and willingness to donate blood (adjusted odds ratio = 5.04; 95% confidence interval = (2.21, 11.48)) were variables significantly and positively associated with voluntary blood donation practice, respectively. Civil servants who had no opportunity to donate blood previously were less likely to give voluntary blood donation (adjusted odds ratio = 0.15 (95% confidence interval = 0.063, 0.367)). Conclusion: The study identified a low level of voluntary blood donation. Having family members/relatives who donate blood, previous participation in a blood donation campaign, and willingness to donate blood were significantly associated with voluntary blood donation. Therefore, there should be regularly scheduled campaigns encouraging civil servants’ voluntary blood donation.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/20503121221102099

Voluntary blood donation practice and its associated factors among civil servants in Bale Robe town, Southeast Ethiopia, 2021

Umbilical cord may insert abnormally i.e. marginal insertion to a placenta which can cause different birth and perinatal complications. Despite the increased effort taken by different responsible bodies, the prevalence of birth and perinatal complications are still high, possibly due to anomalous cord insertion. So far, anomalous cord insertion lacks proper attention in different medical settings. Hence, the present study aims to assess the magnitude, risk factors, and adverse birth outcomes of marginal cord insertion among singleton births. An institution-based cross-sectional study design was conducted. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select study participants. Data were collected by using a structured questionnaire and it was entered into epi-data version 3.1 then exported to SPSS version 20 for data cleansing and analysis. Bi-variable and multivariable logistic regressions were employed to identify risk factors and adverse outcomes associated with marginal cord insertions. Crude and adjusted odds ratio (P-value < 0.05) with a 95% confidence interval were calculated. The magnitude of marginal cord insertion was 6.4% (95% CI = 4.4–8.8%) in singleton pregnancies. Independent risk factors for marginal cord insertion were advanced maternal age (AOR = 2.24, 95% CI: 1.35–11.08), primiparity (AOR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.37–8.69), maternal chronic hypertension (AOR = 3.07, 95% CI: 1.66–9.76), previous cesarean delivery (AOR = 2.51, 95% CI: 1.43–10.21), and use of intrauterine contraceptive device before pregnancy (AOR = 2.22, 95% CI: 1.36–12.30). Pregnancies complicated by marginal cord insertion are at higher risk to develop low birth weight (AOR = 2.89, 95% CI: 1.23–6.80), preterm birth (AOR = 4.00, 95% CI: 1.44–11.14), and emergency cesarean delivery (AOR = 3.68, 95% CI: 1.03–13.81). Marginal cord insertion is a mistreated potential risk for low birth weight, preterm birth, and emergency cesarean delivery. Routine screening of marginal cord insertion should be considered in pregnancies with advanced age, nulliparity, hypertensive disorder, history of cesarean section, and intrauterine contraceptive device usage before pregnancy.

/pdf/marginal-cord-insertion-among-singleton-births-at-the-4cea99n5oa.pdf

Marginal cord insertion among singleton births at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

Background: Pregnancy is a period that places great physiological stress on both the mother and the fetus in the best of times. The objective of this study was to study the maternal outcomes in terms of miscarriage, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, placenta previa, placental abruption, preterm labour, preterm PROM, rate of caesarean section and postpartum hemorrhage. And to study the fetal outcomes in terms of premature birth, low-birth weight, fetal distress in labour, fetal death and congenital anomalies. Methods: The studied subjects included all pregnant women reporting to the hospital for a period of one year November 2012 to October 2013. All participants were subjected to detailed history, thorough general physical, systemic, local examinations, and routine investigations, thyroid function tests (serum TSH, T3, T4). All participants were divided into two groups, group-I: pregnant women diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism (TSH 5-10Mu/L; T3 and T4 normal), group-II: euthyroid pregnant women (control group). Maternal and fetal outcomes of subjects in the first group (study) were compared with control group. The data was analyzed using computer software Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 19.0 for Windows. Chi square test was performed to evaluate statistical significance. A p-value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: A total of 17045 pregnant women reported to labour room and OPD and 15120 women qualified after applying exclusion criteria. Out of these, 14770 pregnant women were found euthyroid and subclinical hypothyroidism was identified in 350 (2.05%) women. Maternal outcome in study group in terms of miscarriage (p<0.001), gestational hypertension (p<0.001), placental abruption (p<0.0001) and preterm premature rupture of membrane (p=0.007) was found to be statistically significant when compared with control group, while fetal outcome in terms of fetal distress (p<0.001), low birth weight (p<0.001) and premature birth (p=0.002) was found to be statistically significant. Conclusions: In view of adverse maternal and fetal outcome, detecting and treating the women with subclinical hypothyroidism in early pregnancy will improve the perinatal outcome.

Maternal and fetal outcome in subclinical hypothyroidism in Jammu region, North India

Millions of lives are saved each year through blood transfusions. Blood donation is therefore considered as a humanitarian act and a positive behavioural phenomenon. To explore intention to donate blood among Hawassa city population, southern Ethiopia, 2017, a qualitative study using the theory of planned behaviour was employed. Data collection was done using a semi-structured interview guide with open-ended questions. Focus group discussion (FGD) and in-depth interviews were employed for data collection. Data analysis begun with translation as it was the first step in data analysis for the qualitative study. Transcripts were coded using the Atlas.Ti.7 software. For coding the data, the basic constructs of the theory of planned behavior was used. Almost all participants do not know the minimum and maximum age to donate blood. Television and friends are mentioned as the main source of information about blood donation. Majority of the participants had mentioned that it is very difficult for them to know for whom the donated blood is given. Almost all participants in this study see blood donation as a humanitarian act. For married participants, wives and husbands were stated as subjective norms. The influence of subjective norm is not so much considered. Majority of the participants stated that they had fear that they will suffer from some health problem if they donate blood. Being anemic and weak is reported by the majority.

	Key words: Blood donation, voluntary donation, qualitative research, Hawassa, theory of planned behaviour.

An exploration on blood donation intention among population in Hawassa city, Southern Ethiopia; theory of planned behaviour approach: A qualitative study

Background: Voluntary blood donation is considered as backbone of blood safety and safe transfusion practices. There is a serious need to improve the recruitment and retention of voluntary donor population to ensure a sustainable safe blood transfusion practice. 

Objectives: The objective of our study is to perceive various factors like knowledge, aptitude, and practices about voluntary blood donation among undergraduate medical students so that their doubts and misconceptions regarding blood donation can be removed and they can be inspired to become regular non-remunerated blood donors.

Material and Methods: This study has been carried out among second professional medical students in M.M. Medical College and Hospital, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, North India. Pre-designed and pre-arranged questionnaires were used to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding blood donation among 150 medical students.

Results: Most of the students 123 (82%) were aware about the suitable age group for blood donation and 114 (76%) stated that the minimum gap between donations should be 3 months. Voluntary donors were considered as the inimitable source of blood by 124 (82.67%). There were 85 respondents who had never donated blood and the chief reasons for not donating blood were fear of needle or sight of blood, perception that blood donation can leads to anemia, objection from family members, and never has been asked to donate blood. In total, 65 (43.4%) respondents had donated blood in the past and out of this, 44 (67.69%) respondent donates one time in a year, and 21 (32.31%) donates more than one time in a year. Out of 65 respondents who have previously donated blood, 25 (38.46%) had donated voluntarily whereas 40 (61.54%) had donated on replacement basis.

Conclusion: Awareness sessions on voluntary blood donation should be held regularly to create positive attitude, and to remove misconceptions among the college students about voluntary blood donation.

A study to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices about voluntary blood donation amongst the undergraduate medical students in Solan, North India -

/pdf/morphological-changes-in-placenta-in-cases-of-41rtn35akd.pdf

Morphological changes in placenta in cases of oligohydramnios

Background: Adnexal masses are frequent findings in women of all age groups. It consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes and uterine ligaments. Women can present with various gynaecological complaints and adnexal masses could be detected while examining and investigating for these complaints. The aim was to study the role of laparoscopy in diagnosis and management of benign adnexal masses.Methods: The study was conducted on 48 women of reproductive age group. Per speculum examination was done and PAP smear was taken before bimanual examination was done. A complete per vaginum examination was done and the adnexal mass was assessed for its size, side, consistency, laterality and tenderness. Laparoscopy was done to confirm preoperative diagnosis and appropriate procedure done depending on diagnosis.Results: Pain in the lower abdomen was the commonest chief complaint seen in 87.5% cases. 41.67% cases were suspected to have endometriosis while on laparoscopy it was seen in 47.92%, 33.33% were suspected to have ovarian cyst which decreased to 25% on laparoscopy, ectopic pregnancy in 16.67% cases both pre-operative and on laparoscopic examination and tubo-ovarian mass in 8.33% cases pre-operatively and 2.08% on laparoscopy.Conclusions: This study has shown that if proper preoperative evaluation was done, author can select the appropriate patients for laparoscopic approach.

/pdf/role-of-laparoscopy-in-the-diagnosis-and-management-of-3phda350kn.pdf

Role of laparoscopy in the diagnosis and management of benign adnexal masses

Preeclampsia is a disorder of widespread vascular endothelial dysfunction and vasospasm that occur after 20 weeks of gestation and can present as late as 4-6 week postpartum. The etiology of preeclampsia is unknown but thought to be related to hypoxia in the placenta due to abnormal placentation. Mild preeclampsia occurs in approximately 15% of pregnancies and severe in 1-2%. It complicates 10% of pregnancies in developing countries and responsible for about 76000 maternal deaths every year.

/pdf/comparison-of-single-spot-urinary-albumin-creatinine-ratio-9moi5jihn6.pdf

Comparison of single spot urinary albumin-creatinine ratio with 24-hour urinary protein excretion in women with preeclampsia

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