Urban stormwater ponds are considered to be a best management practice for flood control and the protection of downstream aquatic ecosystems from excess suspended solids and other contaminants. Following this, urban ponds are assumed to operate as unreactive settling basins, whereby their overall effectiveness in water treatment is strictly controlled by physical processes. However, pelagic microbial biogeochemical dynamics could be significant contributors to nutrient and carbon cycling in these small, constructed aquatic systems. In the present study, we examined pelagic biogeochemical dynamics in 26 stormwater ponds located in southern Ontario, Canada, during late summer. Initially, we tested to see if total suspended solids (TSS) concentration, which provides a measure of catchment disturbance, landscape stability, and pond performance, could be used as an indirect predictor of plankton stocks in stormwater ponds. Structural equation modeling (SEM) using TSS as a surrogate for external loading suggested that TSS was an imperfect predictor. TSS masked plankton-nutrient relationships and appeared to reflect autochthonous production moreso than external forces. When TSS was excluded, the SEM model explained a large amount of the variation in dissolved organic matter (DOM) characteristics (55-75%) but a small amount of the variation in plankton stocks (3-38%). Plankton stocks were correlated positively with particulate nutrients and extracellular enzyme activities, suggesting rapid recycling of the fixed nutrient and carbon pool with consequential effects on DOM. DOM characteristics across the ponds were mainly of autochthonous origin. Humic matter from the watershed formed a larger part of the DOM pool only in ponds with low productivity and low dissolved organic carbon concentrations. Our results suggest that in these small, high nutrient systems internal processes might outweigh the impact of the landscape on carbon cycles. Hence, the overall benefit that constructed ponds serve to protect downstream environments must be weighed with the biogeochemical processes that take place within the water body, which could offset pond water quality gains by supporting intense microbial metabolism. Finally, TSS did not provide a useful indication of stormwater pond biogeochemistry and was biased by autochthonous production, which could lead to erroneous TSS-based management conclusions regarding pond performance.

Beyond best management practices: pelagic biogeochemical dynamics in urban stormwater ponds

Event-based total suspended sediment particle size distribution model

This collaborative study examined urbanization and impacts on area streams while using the best available sediment and erosion control (SE sediment and erosion control; stormwater management; erosion; geomorphology; sediment; biotic integrity; urban areas; sediment.) Hogan, Dianna M., S. Taylor Jarnagin, J.V. Loperfido, and Keith Van Ness, 2013. Mitigating the Effects of Landscape Development on Streams in Urbanizing Watersheds. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 50(1): 163-178. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12123

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jawr.12123

Mitigating the effects of landscape development on streams in urbanizing watersheds

Event-based soil loss models for construction sites

Stormwater ponds, including dry ponds, wet ponds and constructed wetlands, have been widely used for sediment removal from stormwater runoff. In this paper, sediment removal mechanisms, modelling approaches and optimization of design for stormwater ponds are reviewed and discussed. The settling velocity for discrete particles is introduced and compared. Settling velocity distribution should be characterized for individual sites for the most cost-effective design of new stormwater ponds. Different methods for estimating trap efficiency of stormwater ponds are then summarized, including empirical models and theoretical models. The sediment transport modelling method is also discussed. Optimization of pond design for improved sediment removal is described, with many key factors taken into account such as residence time, vegetation, wind, turbulence, stratification, inflow and outflow. A high system hydraulic efficiency can be achieved through proper design of the shape of the pond, length-to-width ratio, baf...

Sediment modelling and design optimization for stormwater ponds

Receiving water quality concerns associated with increased construction activities in recent years in the Greater Toronto Area has prompted the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) to e...

Evaluation of sediment control pond performance at construction sites in the Greater Toronto Area

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Evaluation of sediment control pond performance at construction sites in the Greater Toronto Area