Using an appropriate formulation of field-effect transistor (FET) current as a nonlinear function of terminal voltages, and a simplified model of gain compression in common source amplifiers, we are able to identify four principal sources of amplitude-to-phase (AM-PM) distortion. A new analysis shows the varactor effect of gate-source capacitance on AM-PM distortion, and the changing Miller-multiplied gate-drain capacitance as the field-effect transistor (FET) is driven into compression. The phase shift in the load impedance at the frequency of operation and incomplete suppression of 2nd harmonic by a resonant load of limited Q are explained and analyzed. We are able to identify the dominant mechanism of AM-PM distortion in various practical circuits, which then suggests methods of remediation. The analysis was put to test by predicting the measured AM-PM distortion of power amplifiers reported in the literature. Good agreement is found in all cases, with insights gained into the dominant cause of distortion in each case.

Processes of AM-PM Distortion in Large-Signal Single-FET Amplifiers

In a frequency-division multiple-access (FDMA) satellite communication system, the output power of the TWT (or FET) amplifier is backed from saturation to reduce the intermodulation distortion caused by AM/AM and AM/PM nonlinearities. The required amount of backoff can be considerable, wasting valuable satellite power, unless some scheme is used to compensate for these nonlinearities. A comparative study is presented for the effectiveness of three types of predistortion compensators: (1) a cuber predistortion linearizer, which is the simplest to build; (2) an AM/PM equalizer; and (3) an ideal linearizer, which is quite difficult to realize in practice.

Intermodulation Analysis of FDMA Satellite Systems Employing Compensated and Uncompensated TWT's

OFDM techniques, known to be well-suited for high rate transmission in time-dispersive channels, are currently being considered for broadband wireless LAN systems. However, the strong envelope fluctuation of conventional OFDM signals is hardly compatible with an efficient, somewhat nonlinear, power amplification. A new multicarrier modulation technique, called CEPB-OFDM (constant envelope paired burst OFDM), was proposed to allow high transmit power efficiencies. This paper is concerned with the performance evaluation of CEPB-OFDM and includes a performance comparison, when a grossly nonlinear power amplifier is employed, with other previously proposed OFDM techniques which are able to reduce the envelope fluctuation. The performance results clearly indicate that the CEPB-OFDM technique is recommendable for the above-mentioned wireless systems.

Performance evaluation of a multicarrier modulation technique allowing strongly nonlinear amplification

Cotton fabrics were treated with a glyoxal/ glycol mixture for a nonformaldehyde durable-press finish by a pad- dry- cure method. Aluminum sulfate was used as a catalyst. The effects of additives such as sodium hydrogen sulfate, polyurethane, and a silicone softener were exam- ined. Sodium hydrogen sulfate improved the whiteness and strength retention of the treated fabrics. The degree of white- ness of the treated fabrics was similar to that of fabrics treated with 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid. Polyure- thane improved the wrinkle recovery angle and tearing strength retention of the treated fabrics significantly but impaired the whiteness. The softening agent increased the retention of the tearing strength and abrasion resistance significantly. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 975-978, 2005

Effect of additives on durable-press cotton fabrics treated with a glyoxal/glycol mixture

A general formula, using a Fourier-series representation, is derived for the input-output characteristic of ideal hard limiters, biased hard limiters and biased soft limiters. Using this formula one can obtain an expression, involving Bessel functions for calculating the amplitudes of the output products of a limiter excited by a multicarrier signal plus Gaussian noise. In contrast with previously published results, the implementation of the present expression requires the computation of functions that are available in most mathematical-library subroutines and can even be implemented by using programmable pocket calculators. Results obtained by using the present expression are in excellent agreement with the previously published results. Additionally, the expression is used to generate a soft- and a hard-limiter signal-suppression database for the case in which a single large carrier and a number of equal-power small carriers exist in a noisy environment. >

Carrier and intermodulation performance of limiters excited by multicarriers

This correspondence presents a simple derivation of Shimbo's formula for IM distortion due to AM-to-PM conversion and gives it in a form suitable for practical calculation. It also gives a more general relationship between output components of a non-linear device.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5/31169/01451093.pdf

AM-to-PM conversion and intermodulation in nonlinear devices

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AM-to-PM conversion and intermodulation in nonlinear devices