Concrete, stone, brick, plaster, wood, plastic, painted surfaces and metal are all colonised by bacteria, algae and fungi which accelerate theirdeterioration The mechanisms of deterioration, the main microbial genera involved and factors which may affect the degree of colonisation and attack are discussed The chief factor determining microbial growth on constructional materials is moisture Thus it is important for architects and engineers to consider critical points in the humidity profile of a building at the design stage Damp surfaces are readily colonised by microbial cells settling from the air This leads to the formation of a biofilm, which can trap dust and other particulate materials, increasing its disfiguring effect In addition, the biofilm can act as a reservoir for potentially dangerous microorganisms such as the bacteria responsible for legionnaires’ disease and allergenic fungal and actinomycete spores Materials may be protected against microbial growth by the use of biocides The use 

Deteriogenic biofilms on buildings and their control: A review

https://openaccess.iyte.edu.tr/bitstream/11147/2110/1/2110.pdf

The accelerating effects of the microorganisms on biodeterioration of stone monuments under air pollution and continental-cold climatic conditions in Erzurum, Turkey.

Microbial Deterioration of Rocks and Marble Monuments of the Mediterranean Basin: A Review

A rosy discoloration partly masking the Luca Signorelli frescoes in St. Brizio Chapel (Orvieto Cathedral, Italy) for many years proved to be a biological alteration, so the present research focused on investigating biodeteriogens and selecting an appropriate biocide to treat them. Optical epifluorescence and electronic microscopic observations of the rosy powder revealed a prevalent autofluorescent coccoid form with a diameter bigger than 5 μm. Chlorophylls a and b were extracted, suggesting the presence of cyanobacteria, a thesis subsequently confirmed by flow cytometry. Cultural media were inoculated with the rosy powder, and microorganisms grew as a green patina in phototrophic conditions and as a rosy patina when organic compounds were added to the mineral medium. The rosy discoloration was most likely caused by the presence of phycoerythrin. The sequencing of the cyanobacteria-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–DGGE bands matched, with a similarity percentage >94, uncultured cyanobacteria, and the sequences were deposited in the GenBank under EU874241, EU874242, EU874243, EU874244, EU874245, EU874246, and EU874247. Finally, the efficiency of the two biocides Neo Desogen and Metatin 5810-101, both based on benzalkonium chloride, was evaluated using adenosine triphosphate measurements and PCR-based detection of cyanobacteria. Metatin, used in situ at 2% of the trade product, proved to be the better biocide, no cyanobacteria being detected after the Metatin treatment.

Detection and elimination of cyanobacteria from frescoes: the case of the St. Brizio Chapel (Orvieto Cathedral, Italy).

Lead-resistant microorganisms from red stains of marble of the Certosa of Pavia, Italy and use of nucleic acid-based techniques for their detection

Research on chromatic alterations of marbles from the fountain of Villa Litta (Lainate, Milan)

Microbiological and calorimetric investigations on degraded marbles from the Cà d'Oro facade (Venice)

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Research on chromatic alterations of marbles from the fountain of Villa Litta (Lainate, Milan)

Microbiological and calorimetric investigations on degraded marbles from the Cà d'Oro facade (Venice)