Facing the need to adopt a laboratory compaction method of natural or lime-treated soils which is repeatable and representative of real in-situ compaction conditions for dike or road constructions, the effects of compaction mode, dry density and suction on the tensile strength of natural and lime-treated silty soil compacted in laboratory have been investigated in a systematic way. Soil specimens were prepared from three different modes of compaction: the static kneading compaction, the standard Proctor compaction and a dynamic in-mold compaction. For kneading and Proctor compaction, small cylindrical samples were extracted at different locations in larger compacted specimen with a milling machine controlled by computer. On the contrary, the so-called “in-mold compaction” consists in compacting the soil in a mold with the final required dimensions. The small cylindrical samples were then submitted to various suctions from 0 to 2000 kPa during seven days. At the end, dry density of samples was measured with a 3-dimensionnal scanner and tensile strength was determined from indirect (Brazilian) tensile tests. The same investigation was also performed, with similar number of specimens, on untreated soil. In-mold compaction provides the best repeatability of obtained tensile strength (essentially because of the controlled and uniformly distributed dry density though the specimen) but is not representative of real compaction condition. Also, it is observed that the tensile strength of untreated soils is strongly affected by suction level and slightly by dry density. At the opposite, for lime-treated soil, little variations of dry density may have a significant impact on the tensile strength while suction plays a secondary role. This study reveals that, when compacted lime-treated soils are used as a bearing element (like in road subgrades or subbases), a particular attention must be paid on the quality of compaction process to avoid under-compacted zones that could lead to material weakness. 

/pdf/effect-of-laboratory-compaction-mode-density-and-suction-on-2tlrhrkn.pdf

Effect of laboratory compaction mode, density and suction on the tensile strength of a lime-treated silty soil

It is important to quantify the soil resistance against erosion cause by to the overflow of dikes and levees. Small-scale tests are excluded, due to the lack of similarity for a free-surface flow phenomenon on stepped slopes, with non-established flow and erosion of a cohesive soil. Moreover, using hydraulic laboratory flumes does not make it possible to have a correct representation of the soil in place, in terms of layer compaction. This is why we have developed an on site overflowing device. The device was deployed as part of the DigueELITE research project on a 3.5 m (9.8 ft.) high experimental dike in channels, 60 cm wide (≈2 ft.) and 15 m long (≈50 ft.), covering the downstream slope (1.5H/1V) and the downstream platform. The procedure followed is based on ASTM-D6460 standard. The test campaigns were carried out with flow rates up to 500 l/s per linear meter (0.5 m2/s), water velocity up to 5 m/s, and a discharge depth up to 30 cm (≈12 in.) at crest. Two soil types were studied: lime-treated soil, and untreated cohesive soil. The first phase of erosion is that of the surface layer. The second phase is that of the embankment constitutive soil. The erosion shows a stair-steps pattern, due to the layers of compaction. The results obtained show that lime-treated soil has better erosion resistance than untreated soil. Compared to the untreated soil, erosion in the lower part of the slope is 3 times less in lime-treated soil, and the scour depth development process at the downstream toe is 5 to 10 times smaller. This paper presents the experimental setup, the results obtained, and the perspectives. The most important findings are that overflowing experiments are feasible on site with the proposed test set-up.

Quantifying the erosion resistance of dikes with the overflowing simulator

Lime Stabilised Road Batters: A Laboratory Simulation of Site Flood Conditions using a Customised Erosion Apparatus and Sample Digitisation

Introduction Internal erosion triggered by water pipeline leaks seriously threatens the stability of the urban ground. Hangzhou, a city in Zhejiang Province, China, is facing critical challenges due to urban ground collapse (UGC) caused by internal erosion. However, there is a lack of research on the prevention of UGC by improving the internal erodibility of underground soil. Addressing this issue is of utmost importance to ensure the city’s stability and safety. This paper proposes to improve the internal erodibility of typical sandy silt soils with chemical stabilisers. Methods The effects of three chemical stabilisers, lignosulphonate (LS), lime (LI), and lignin fibre (LF), on the critical shear stress ( τ c ) and erosion coefficient ( k d ) of sandy silt soils were investigated, which from Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, by the hole erosion test (HET) at different mixing amounts and at different conservation times. Results The findings indicate that LF mainly improves the erosion resistance of sandy silt by increasing τ c , and the maximum increase is 2.38 times; LI mainly improves the erosion resistance by decreasing k d , and the maximum decrease is 2.18 times. After adding LS, τ c and k d did not change significantly. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) test revealed that the inclusion of LF led to the formation of larger agglomerates in the sandy silt soil. The microstructure of sandy silt soil remained dispersed even after adding LS. Various chemical stabilisers used to improve sandy silt soils exhibited distinct erosion mechanisms. Sandy silt soils improved with LF exfoliated into agglomerates, displaying high resistance to erosion. On the other hand, the sandy silt treated with LF still lacks a protective layer and shows minimal improvements in its ability to withstand erosion. In contrast, the LS-amended sandy silt remains stripped with individual soil particles with insignificant changes in erosion resistance. Discussion This study can provide a conceptual framework for choosing foundation treatment techniques in future urban development projects. 

Investigating the internal erosion behavior and microscopic mechanisms of chemically stabilized soil: an experimental study

Lime treatment is a well-known technique of earthworks, for soil improvement and stabilization, its applications are mainly roads, railways, airports and platforms construction. In addition, some positive past experiences of lime treatment were related to solve erosion problems of dispersive and non-cohesive soil in hydraulic structures. The interest of the hydraulic works community regarding this technique is currently growing. During the last decade, the benefits of lime treatment and appropriate application technologies were evidenced for earthworks execution, for the improvement of mechanical properties and stability, high internal and external erosion resistance of treated materials and the possibility to maintain low hydraulic conductivity values. These have been shown in the laboratory and for some properties with full scale experiments.
The conferred soil properties can lead to innovative earthfill dams and dikes designs by addressing some of the typical designer’s problems, such as stability, watertightness, internal erosion, surface protection and flood control. However, lime treated soil external erosion resistance was still to be quantified in the field for proper designing and dimensioning of lime treated soil external erosion protection or spillways. With this purpose, an experimental earthfill dike was built along the river Vidourle (south of France) in July 2015, in the frame of the French R&D program “DigueELITE”. This 50 m long and 3,5 m high dike is made of lime treated silty soil and is provided with sensors (suction, water content and temperature) and piezometer in order to be monitored. It also was tested against surface erosion (JET testing) and real scale overflow testing. The in situ methodology and equipment for assessment of overflow resistance, and the benefits of lime-treatment against overflow are described. Eventually, proposals for dike design perspectives thanks to soil treatment with lime are opened.

Erosion resistant dikes thanks to soil treatment with lime

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Erosion resistant dikes thanks to soil treatment with lime