Mercury contamination in water has been an issue to the environment and human health. In this article, mercury in marine and oceanic waters has been reviewed. In the aquatic environment, mercury occurs in many forms, which depend on the oxidation-reduction conditions. These forms have been briefly described in this article. Mercury concentrations in marine waters in the different parts of the world have been presented. In the relevant literature, two models describing the fate and behavior of mercury in saltwater reservoirs have been presented, a conceptual model which treats all the oceans as one ocean and the “ocean margin” model, providing that the ocean margins manifested themselves as the convergence of continents and oceans, covering such geological features, such as estuaries, inland seas, and the continental shelf. These two conceptual models have been summarized in the text. The mercury content in benthic sediments usually reflects is level in the water reservoir, particularly in reservoirs situated in contaminated areas (mines, metallurgical plants, chemically protected crops). The concentrations of mercury and its compounds determined in the sediments in surface waters in the different parts of the world have been presented. Due to the fact that the pollution caused by mercury is a serious threat for the marine environment, the short paragraph about mercury bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms has been included. The cited data demonstrated a large scatter of mercury contents both between the fish species and the water areas. Mathematical models, valuable tools which provide information about the possible responses of ecosystems, developed to simulate mercury emissions, both at a small scale, for local water reservoirs, and at a global scale, as well as to model mercury bioaccumulation in the chain web of aquatic systems have been described.

/pdf/mercury-in-marine-and-oceanic-waters-a-review-1ey53ez7sq.pdf

Mercury in Marine and Oceanic Waters—a Review

At the onset of 21st century, the pollution of surface and groundwater by toxic metals continues to represent a challenge for the authorities responsible for environmental protection. The uncontrolled rejection of metals in aquatic ecosystems such as Ag, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Tl and Zn, constitute a serious threat to human and animal health. Several methods of treatment of waters polluted by metals have been proposed during the last several decades. However, the technique of precipitation of metals remains the most favorable option on an industrial scale due to reasons of cost-effectiveness, performance, and simplicity. The present review presents current knowledge on various technical alternatives for precipitation of metals. The discussion relates to the individual characteristics of the metal contaminants, as well as their behavior compared to various techniques of precipitation.

Metals Precipitation from Effluents: Review

Sedimentary host phases of mercury (Hg) and implications for use of Hg as a volcanic proxy

Elemental mercury: Its unique properties affect its behavior and fate in the environment.

Six stations along Tigris river in Baghdad region were chosen to collect and assess the Mn, Ni, Pb, Cu and Cd contamination in sediments by using pollution load index (PLI) and geo-accumulation index ( I -geo). Cd was found at the lowest concentration ranged between 0.31.3 µg/g dry weight. Whereas, Mn was the highest ranging between 166 - 426 µg/g dry weight. Geo-accumulation index indicates that the sediment in the most of studied stations were slightly polluted (grade 1) with respect to Pb and Cd, while the sediments in all studied stations were unpolluted (grade 0) with respect to Mn, Cu and Ni. The values of Pollution Load Index (PLI) were found to be very low, and varied between 0.301-0.970, indicating that the studied stations in Tigris river were unpolluted by total of studied heavy metals.

https://anjs.edu.iq/index.php/anjs/article/download/772/691

Using Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Geoaccumulation Index (I-Geo) for the Assessment of Heavy Metals Pollution in Tigris River Sediment in Baghdad Region

Environmental factors affecting speciation of mercury in the bottom sediments; an overview

The Odra is the second largest river in Poland, running from the Czech Republic through a large part of Poland before entering the Baltic Sea. Its catchment area has been heavily polluted by anthropogenic emissions. Our data document an intensive anthropogenic impact on the abundance of heavy metals in bottom sediments of the middle part of the Odra. Normalized heavy metal concentrations in sediments and indices of geoaccumulation (I geo ) indicate that this area is polluted by various metals, especially mercury, cadmium and zinc. The ranges of their concentrations vary as follows: Hg 0.12-2.99 mg/kg, Cd 2.93-7.87 mg/kg, Pb 21.2-163 mg/kg, Cu 11.5-88.3 mg/kg, Zn 28.0-471 mg/kg, Cr 1.57-47.5 mg/kg, Ni 5.10-19.1 mg/kg, Fe 1493-37972 mg/kg and Mn 47.6-1242 mg/kg.

Distribution of Mercury and Other Heavy Metals in Bottom Sediments of the Middle Odra River (Germany/Poland)

Extreme toxicity of some species of mercury, the ability of this element to bioaccumulate in particular in fish meat, and the known cases of lethal poisoning by mercury have drawn particular attention to this element's presence in the natural environment. Due to the relatively long time of its presence in the air, elemental mercury can be transported over large distances, hence the presence of mercury of anthropogenic origin is detected practically all over the world. Apart from the elemental mercury, the main species of mercury in water are Hg(II) and mercury-organic species, in particular methylmercury. The latter undergoes strong bioaccumulation in living organisms and concentration in the trophic chains. That is why the relative concentration of mercury in organisms is determined by its presence in water. The concentration of mercury in water is related to the processes of methylation and demethylation, influenced by biotic and abiotic factors such as the activity of microogranisms, access to oxygen, illumination, temperature, pH and others. Despite intense studies, full and reliable recognition of the ecological and health effects of pollution by this toxic metal is still impossible. The aim of this paper is to present the problems related to speciation of mercury, and describe some conversion and migration processes of mercury in the water environment.

Some Aspects of Speciation of Mercury in a Water Environment

Fractionation of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn has been performed in bottom sediment samples collected along a 75 km section of the middle Odra River by a modified method of 5-step sequential extraction according to Tessier. The results have shown the presence of Cu, Ni, Zn and Mn already in exchange fraction (I); the mean percent content of metals in mobile phases (exchange and carbonate) reached 35% (Cu), while the maximum values reached 59% (Ni). From among the metals studied, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cr and Ni were dominant in the species bound to hydrated iron and manganese oxides, so the metals contained in the bottom sediments were not permanently immobilized. Good correlation was found between the concentrations of Zn, Mn and Cd in the mobile phases (I+II) and their total concentrations. Similarly, the concentrations of all metals determined in the reducible fraction and in the fraction bound to organic matter (except for Cd and Cr) were well correlated to their total content.

Fractionation of Some Heavy Metals in Bottom Sediments from the Middle Odra River (Germany/Poland)

Analityczne aspekty oznaczania rtęci całkowitej oraz form fizyczno - chemicznych rtęci w próbkach środowiskowych. Część I. Pobieranie, przechowywanie, zatężanie oraz oznaczanie rtęci całkowitej

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