In this paper we introduce a novel micropolar material model for the simulation of turbulent inviscid fluids. The governing equations are solved by using the concept of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). As already investigated in previous works, SPH fluid simulations suffer from numerical diffusion which leads to a lower vorticity, a loss in turbulent details and finally in less realistic results. To solve this problem we propose a micropolar fluid model. The micropolar fluid model is a generalization of the classical Navier-Stokes equations, which are typically used in computer graphics to simulate fluids. In contrast to the classical Navier-Stokes model, micropolar fluids have a microstructure and therefore consider the rotational motion of fluid particles. In addition to the linear velocity field these fluids also have a field of microrotation which represents existing vortices and provides a source for new ones. However, classical micropolar materials are viscous and the translational and the rotational motion are coupled in a dissipative way. Since our goal is to simulate turbulent fluids, we introduce a novel modified micropolar material for inviscid fluids with a non-dissipative coupling. Our model can generate realistic turbulences, is linear and angular momentum conserving, can be easily integrated in existing SPH simulation methods and its computational overhead is negligible. Another important visual feature of turbulent liquids is foam. Therefore, we present a post-processing method which considers microrotation in the foam particle generation. It works completely automatic and requires only one user-defined parameter to control the amount of foam.

/pdf/turbulent-micropolar-sph-fluids-with-foam-nidnbc93s5.pdf

Turbulent Micropolar SPH Fluids with Foam

We introduce a simple screen-space filtering technique for real-time rendering of particle-based fluid simulations. Starting with a depth-map generated directly from the particle data, our new filter formulation smooths the depth-map by considering the depth values in a narrow range. The depth values outside of this range are carefully handled to achieve the desired surface shape near discontinuities. The simplicity of our formulation leads to a computationally efficient filter. We present examples with complex particle-based fluid simulations and provide comparisons, clearly showing that our filter provides improved surface quality in terms of surface smoothness and preserving boundaries near discontinuities, as compared to prior filtering methods.

A Narrow-Range Filter for Screen-Space Fluid Rendering

Particle-based liquid is often rendered only with single refraction in real-time applications, which deteriorates the reality of liquid. We present a screen-space method for rendering particle-based liquids with up to four refractions in real time. Our method separates liquid particles into splashes and aggregations i.e., liquid bodies and generates a pair of depth maps of front-facing and back-facing surfaces for each. We use the depth maps of splashes as they are but smooth those of aggregations to reduce small bumps. For smoothing depth, we iteratively fit planes locally using moving least squares, unlike previous filtering-based approaches that cause undesirable refractions around depth boundaries. By calculating refractions with physically based light attenuation, our method can render liquids more realistically than previous methods. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

/pdf/real-time-screen-space-liquid-rendering-with-complex-3s31599j61.pdf

Real-time screen-space liquid rendering with complex refractions

We present a method for the efficient rendering of large scale particle-based foam data in screen space using a GPU based rendering pipeline. Our approach employs a multi-pass rendering technique to imitate some of the effects that are commonly accomplished by using expensive ray-tracing based methods. We demonstrate through different scenarios that our pipeline is able to produce convincing foam renderings for large scale scenarios and it has a significant performance advantage compared to using ray-casting techniques for rendering such particle data.

/pdf/screen-space-foam-rendering-40yo8siw7s.pdf

Screen Space Foam Rendering

We propose an efficient framework to realistically simulate foam effects in which 3D water particles from a base water solver are first projected onto 2D screen space in order to reduce computational complexity of finding foam particles. Because foam effects are often created primarily in fast and complicated water flows, we analyze acceleration and curvature values to identify the areas exhibiting such flow patterns. Identified foam particles are emitted in 3D simulation space, and each foam particle is advected by its classified type based on its velocity, thereby capturing the essential characteristics of foam wave motions (e.g., floating waves or scattering bubbles). In addition, we provide an intuitive and flexible mechanism (e.g., user sketch or image) to customize parameters and control the appearance of foam effects while minimizing the occurrence of popping artifacts. Experiments convincingly demonstrate that the proposed approach is efficient and easy to use while delivering high-quality results.

Efficient Representation of Detailed Foam Waves by Incorporating Projective Space

We present a physically based real-time water simulation and rendering method that brings volumetric foam to the real-time domain, significantly increasing the realism of dynamic fluids We do this by combining a particle-based fluid model that is capable of accounting for the formation of foam with a layered rendering approach that is able to account for the volumetric properties of water and foam Foam formation is simulated through Weber number thresholding For rendering, we approximate the resulting water and foam volumes by storing their respective boundary surfaces in depth maps This allows us to calculate the attenuation of light rays that pass through these volumes very efficiently We also introduce an adaptive curvature flow filter that produces consistent fluid surfaces from particles independent of the viewing distance

/pdf/a-layered-particle-based-fluid-model-for-real-time-rendering-4xizyk4vtu.pdf

A layered particle-based fluid model for real-time rendering of water

Volumetric Real-Time Water and Foam Rendering

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A layered particle-based fluid model for real-time rendering of water

Volumetric Real-Time Water and Foam Rendering