An apparatus and method is disclosed for an improved absorbent pad and thermal pack for absorbing a liquid discharged from a patient. The absorbent pad and thermal pad comprises an outer sheet made of a liquid impermeable material and an inner sheet of a liquid permeable material. An absorbent sheet is disposed between the inner sheet and the outer sheet. A flexible liquid impermeable container having a chemical mixture which undergoes an thermal reaction upon activation thereof is interposed between the outer and inner sheets to enable the thermal source to be applied to the patient and to enable any liquid from the patient to permeate through the inner sheet to be absorbed by the absorbent sheet. The inner sheet of a liquid permeable material provides a moderate insulation barrier whereas the absorbent pad provides a substantial insulation barrier for directing the thermal source to the patient.

Absorbent pad and thermal pack

A flexible container having a substantially planar configuration encloses a first chemical having characteristics for being supercooled to maintain a liquid state even at temperatures below its melting point. A second chemical can be mixed with the first chemical in the container to initiate the crystallization of the first chemical at the substantially constant temperature of the melting point of the first chemical. The container can be enclosed in an insulation envelope to moderate the temperature of the device. The first chemical may include sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate which provides a desirable constant temperature of 48° C. The second chemical may include sodium borate pentahydrate or sodium sulfite which provides the first chemical with a desirable sandy configuration during crystallization in the α pentahydrate form. The sodium borate pentahydrate or sodium sulfite goes into solution or chemically complexes with the sodium thiosulfate in a manner such that subsequent supercooling can be achieved. Recycling of the device can then be accomplished by releasing another portion of the second chemical into the container. The resulting constant temperature device is particularly effective for use as a warm baby mattress, a warm blanket, or a hot water bottle substitute.

Constant temperature device

Methods and devices for repelling insects are disclosed. The methods and devices provide personal protection from insect bites and insect landings, particularly mosquito bites. The methods and devices employ insect repellents such as pyrethroids at low (parts per billion) levels. The methods and devices effectively minimize the number of mosquitoes landing on a subject properly using the devices.

Methods and personal protection devices for repelling insects

A mixture of magnesium-iron alloy and salt is confined within a nonwoven cellulose covering and forms an elongated cartridge which is wrapped with multiple layers of absorbent paper. The cartridge and paper are enclosed within a pouch of perforated plastic film to form a heating element. One or more heating elements are attached by adhesive tape to the inside of a generally triangular polyethylene film envelope, and peripheral portions of the envelope are heat sealed to form an enclosed chamber. An overlying mating sheet of polyethylene coated nylon film and a pad of thermoplastic foam material are heat sealed to peripheral portions of the envelope, and parallel strips of double-sided adhesive tape, with removal protective strips, are attached to the outer surface of the envelope to form a flexible heater device. The device is used by being wrapped around either a vertical or horizontal pipe joint containing a heat activated epoxy. An upper sealed corner portion of the envelope is cut and removed to form an opening for the chamber, and water is poured through the opening into the chamber to initiate an exothermic reaction with each heating element for heating the pipe joint and epoxy to accelerate curing of the epoxy.

Exothermic heater device

A particulate composition producing an exothermic reaction when mixed with water, and a hot pack containing such a composition, and water isolated therefrom until the intended time for use. The composition consists essentially of, in parts by weight, about 40 to about 90 parts anhydrous calcium chloride, about 12 to about 25 parts anhydrous sodium acetate, and about 5 to 15 parts calcium oxide. A hot pack, per the invention, comprises a sealed, impermeable, flexible outer enclosure containing the composition, and a sealed, impermeable, flexible, easily ruptured inner enclosure containing about 40 to about 90 parts by weight of water. The proportions of the elements of the particulate composition will vary somewhat in accordance with the objectives of the hot pack in which the composition is applied. When the contents of the hot pack are activated, it will gradually reach, maintain and be limited to be predetermined safe temperature. For example, in an embodiment particularly advantageous for use as a food warmer, this predetermined temperature will be about 107° C and will be maintained for a period of time up to 20 minutes. An embodiment applied as a food and hand warmer will, by contrast, gradually reach and maintain a temperature of about 84° C for a period up to 20 minutes and more. In any case the hot pack, when its contents are activated, will be placed in a condition that it is moldable to conform to the surface or surfaces to which it is applied. The pack of the subject invention also features, in preferred embodiment, an improved construction for the inner enclosure designed to give highly controlled conditions and insurance as to the time the inner enclosure will rupture.

Exothermic composition and hot pack

1284136 Exothermic compositions CIBA GEIGY AG 4 Nov 1969 [4 Nov1968] 54086/69 Heading C5G An exothermic composition which liberates heat on adding water consists of an alkali metal oxide or an alkaline earth metal oxide and a solid acid or an acid salt of a strong acid, or mixtures, thereof. Oxides of Ca, Ba, Sr, Na, K, or Li are preferred, and the acid may be phosphoric, sulphamic, tartaric, oxalic, or citric. Preferred salts are sodium hydrogen sulphate and potassium hydrogen sulphate. The acids may be hydrated, and a preferred acid mixture consists of a major portion of hydrated oxalic or citric acid and the remainder sulphamic acid. There should be more than enough oxide present to neutralize the acid reactant, but not more than enough to react with all the acid and all the water produced during the reaction of the acid and the oxide.

Exothermic composition containing a metal oxide and acid or acid salts

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Exothermic composition containing a metal oxide and acid or acid salts