The cultivated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) possess mainly three leaf shapes, and multipinnate leaf shape has shown lower leaf miner damage (Liriomyza cicerina Rond.). Therefore, the study of the inheritance of leaf shape in cultivated chickpea has priority. For this purpose, ICC 6119 (multipinnate leaf) was crossed with Sierra (simple leaf) and ICC 4958 (normal leaves). In F1 generation, all filials had normal leaves since normal leaf shape was dominant over both multipinnate and simple leaves. In F2 generation, segregating progenies of the former crosses produced 109 normal leaves and 37 simple leaves, while the later crosses produced three shapes of leaves; 59 normal leaves, 18 multipinnate leaves and 27 simple leaves. The results suggested that the former and the later crosses were found to fit 12:4 and 9:3:4 patterns, respectively. It was concluded that leaf characteristics could be easily transferred from donor to receptor chickpea genotypes since leaf shape in the cultivated chickpea was governed by three factors.

/pdf/inheritance-of-leaf-shape-in-the-cultivated-chickpea-cicer-1zssko9o8n.pdf

Inheritance of leaf shape in the cultivated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the third most economically important food legume in the world. Its yield potential is often limited by various biotic stresses, including fungal and viral diseases, insects, nematodes and parasitic weeds. Incorporating genetic resistance into cultivars is the most effective and economical way of controlling biotic stresses and this is a major objective in many breeding programs. Extensive searches for resistances have been conducted by screening commercial varieties, landraces and closely related species. Resistances to disease such as Ascochyta blight and Fusarium wilt have been identified and molecular tools are being used to increase the efficiency of gene transfer from wild species into chickpea elite genotypes. Quantitative trait loci for resistance genes have been located on linkage maps and molecular markers associated with these loci can potentially be used for efficient pyramiding of the traits. Significant chickpea genomic resources have been developed in order to investigate resistance genes. Such resources include an integrated genetic map, expressed sequence tag libraries, bacterial artificial chromosome libraries, microarrays and draft genome sequences. Although these resources have yet to be used to improve chickpea cultivars in the field, this is likely to change in the near future. These genomic resources, as well as high-resolution phenotyping tools and cutting-edge technologies such as next-generation sequencing, promise to increase efficiency as work to identify valuable candidate genes continues.

Breeding for biotic stress resistance in chickpea: progress and prospects

Since autumn-sown faba beans possess several advantages including higher seed yield over the spring cultivars, the study was aimed to screen and select cold tolerant accessions of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) and compare these to wild species in the highland of the west Mediterranean region, Turkey. A total of 114 accessions of Vicia species including 109 accessions of faba bean, three accessions of narbon bean (V. narbonensis L.) and two accessions of V. montbretii Fisch. et C.A. Mey. were screened for cold tolerance at seedling stage in two successive years, 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 growth seasons. Accessions were evaluated for cold tolerance using a 1 (Highly cold tolerant)-5 (Highly cold susceptible) visual scale. Considerable variation was found for cold tolerance and some agronomical characteristics in faba beans. Wild relatives of faba bean were found to be more tolerant to cold than those of cultivated faba beans. Although some pigmented accessions were free from freezing damage at −9.6°C without snow cover, accessions with white flowers were damaged. The proposed screening technique could easily be used to evaluate many faba bean accessions for cold tolerance. To increase yield, it was concluded that the cold tolerant accessions with high yield could be grown as autumn-sown crop in the target environment.

Screening and selection of faba beans ( Vicia faba L.) for cold tolerance and comparison to wild relatives

Growth and development of plants are adversely affected by drought, extreme temperatures (high temperatures or heat and low temperatures or cold), and nutritional imbalance including salinity, deficiency and toxicity of nutrients, and the concerned stresses result in low and instable yield as well as seed quality. Resistant varieties for these stresses can be improved by either (1) direct or (2) indirect breeding approaches. Mutagenesis for resistance to abiotic stresses is a well-known effective and efficient breeding approach in order to create new desirable genetic variability, as the use of the traditional breeding methods have narrowed genetic variability in the cultivated crop species over a long period. This chapter deals with (1) mutagenesis for resistance to abiotic stresses, and (2) achievements on resistance to drought, heat, cold, salinity and iron (Fe) deficiency chlorosis in the cultivated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and its progenitor (Cicer reticulatum Ladiz.). About 500 seeds per dose each genotype of 10 accessions of Cicer species including three ‘kabuli’, four ‘desi’ chickpeas and one accession of Cicer bijugum K.H. Rech. and two accessions of C. reticulatum Ladiz. were irradiated with 200, 300 and 400 Gy gamma rays from a 60Co source. Mutant lines were screened for resistance to drought and heat, salinity and Fe-deficiency chlorosis, as well as tolerance to cold. Some of the mutants were not only resistant to the concerned abiotic stresses, but also had improved resistance to some other biotic stresses such as Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr.) and leaf miner (Liriomyza ciceri Rond.). These mutants will be used (1) either directly in the target environments as commercial varieties, or (2) indirectly in breeding programmes as useful parents. Also, some previous unknown and known gene(s) were induced by gamma rays, and they can be used for gene mapping in Cicer species.

Chapter 11 – Mutagenesis for resistance to abiotic stresses: chickpea as model crop

Nohut ( Cicer arietinum L.) yaprak galeri sinegi [ Liriomyza cicerina Rond. (Diptera: Agromyzidae)] dikkate deger verim kayiplarina yol actigi icin Turkiye’deki en onemli ve yaygin zararlilardan biridir. Nohutta yaprak galeri sinegi zararinin ustesinden gelmek icin en etkili, pratik, cevreci ve ekonomik cozumlerden biri dayanikli cesitler kullanilmasidir. Bu calisma C. arietinum ve C. reticulatum turlerinin dahil oldugu iki Cicer turunde mutasyon islahi ile yaprak galeri sinegine dayanikli mutant secmeyi amaclamistir. Genotipler 200, 300 ve 400 Gy gamma isinlari ile isinlanmistir. Sekiz mutant, dokuz islah hatti, iki hassas kontrol ve bir dayanikli kontrolu iceren toplam 20 genotip yaprak galeri sinegine dayaniklilik icin iki yil karsilastirilmislardir. C. reticulatum ’un koyu pigmentli ve cok yaprakcikli bir mutanti yaprak galeri sinegine bulasmis dogal epidemi kosullarinda yaprak galeri sinegine karsi cok dayanikli olarak bulunmustur. C. reticulatum kulturu yapilan nohutlarla kolayca melezlenebildigi icin yaprak galeri sinegine karsi dayanikli cesit gelistirmede kullanisli olacaktir.

/pdf/improvement-of-leaf-miner-liriomyza-cicerina-rond-diptera-1eq6t8734a.pdf

Improvement of leaf miner [Liriomyza cicerina Rond. (Diptera: Agromyzidae)] resistance in Cicer species

Yield loss due to leaf miner [Liriomyza cicerina (Rondani, 1875) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)] damage in chickpea (Cicer arietinum Linnaeus, 1753) (Fabales: Fabaceae) may reach 40% in the Mediterranean basin. A total of 15 chickpea genotypes with different leaf types including five normal (fern), five simple (unipinnate), and five multi (bipinnate) leaves were evaluated for resistance to leaf miner damage using a 1–9 visual scale (1 = no damage, 9 = severe damage etc.) under natural insect infestations in the field during the years, 2006 and 2007. Leaf miner resistance was significantly correlated with leaf type and leaflet size, but was not correlated with leaf pigmentation. Our results revealed that genotypes having simple leaf type were the most sensitive to leaf miner damage, while genotypes with multipinnate and small leaflets were least sensitive. The genotypes having multipinnate leaves with small leaflets may thus be considered for resistance sources to leaf miner in chickpea breeding programs

https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/65091

Severity of leaf miner [Liriomyza cicerina (Rondani, 1875) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)] damage in relation to leaf type in chickpea

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Severity of leaf miner [Liriomyza cicerina (Rondani, 1875) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)] damage in relation to leaf type in chickpea