Irregularities and irregular motions in the upper atmosphere have been detected and studied by a variety of techniques during recent years, but their proper interpretation has yet to be established...

Internal atmospheric gravity waves at ionospheric heights

Internal Atmospheric Gravity Waves at Ionospheric Heights

The observational and theoretical work on the low-frequency electromagnetic oscillations of the earth-ionosphere cavity, known as the Schumann resonances, is reviewed. Additional theoretical considerations are introduced to allow the models to incorporate the asymmetries of the actual cavity. These models are used to explain the observed variations of the power and of the apparent frequency of the resonant modes. The theoretical studies show that the structure of the low D or C region of the ionosphere is critical to these resonances, and the observed frequencies must rule out certain proposed ionospheric models. The perturbations of the cavity are also studied, and comparisons are made between different types of perturbations. The resonance data from July 9, 1962, are used to confirm the tremendous extent of the ionospheric perturbations caused by the Starfish high-altitude nuclear explosion. The possible effects of natural perturbations are also examined.

Low-frequency electromagnetic oscillations of the Earth-ionosphere cavity

The amplitude of weak echoes partially reflected from ionization irregularities in the height range 50–100 km are recorded. By utilizing two frequencies, 2.66 and 6.27 Mc/s, and recording the amplitudes of both the ordinary and extraordinary component waves, information is obtained about electron density and electron collision frequency in this height range under both normal and abnormal conditions. The method of analysis (discussed in detail in this paper) is essentially similar to that developed by Gardner and Pawsey, except that the generalized magnetoionic formulas, which take into account the energy dependence of the collision cross section, are employed. The results being obtained are believed to be more accurate in detail than those obtained by other ground-based techniques.

Study of the lower ionosphere using partial reflection: 1. Experimental technique and method of analysis

Polar-cap absorption

Study of the ionospheric D-region using partial reflections

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Study of the ionospheric D-region using partial reflections