This paper proposes a method for merging Bluetooth and WLAN technologies to face the problem of indoor positioning. Firstly, using Bluetooth measurements the zone where the target object is located is enclosed. Afterwards, processing WiFi measurements the RSS readings are compared only against the fingerprints of the points within the previously determined zone for the precise determination of the object position. In a recent work, we approached this problem by constructing simulated Bluetooth and WLAN maps and assuming that Bluetooth measurements determine precisely the zone where the object is located. Here we present a new algorithm to cope with erroneous identification of the preselected region. The performance of this method has been tested experimentally and the comparison between the localization results obtained using both technologies and using only WiFi is presented.

A fusion method based on bluetooth and WLAN technologies for indoor location

Designing and developing location-aware portable software applications is challenging, since most location-estimation methods i) require non-standard features either in the mobile terminal or in the network infrastructure, and ii) they are specifically designed for either indoor or outdoor. Moreover, installing and tuning systems that rely on such location methods may be quite a complex operation. In this paper we propose a software architecture that makes a combined use of indoor and outdoor location-sensing technologies. On top of the architecture there is a generic API, aimed at supporting the development of hybrid (indoor/outdoor) applications at a high level of abstraction, independent of the location technology. The API is meant to support applications for which the exact position of a mobile terminal is not a primary requirement, but it suffices to identify the terminal position in a known set of zones (e.g., rooms indoor, or pre-defined outdoor areas). The software architecture is designed: i) to ensure compliance with emerging positioning standards and commercial devices, in order to leverage the interoperability with third-party developed services, and ii) to be based on low-cost and easily deployable and tunable indoor positioning infrastructures. An implementation of the architecture is described, based on Bluetooth and GPS technologies, so as to outline the major implementation issues.

Indoor and outdoor location based services for portable wireless devices

One challenging issue in sensor networks is to determine where a given sensor node is physically located. This problem is especially crucial for very small sensor nodes. This paper presents a GPS-less, outdoor, self-positioning method for wireless sensor networks. In our method, a set of nodes, called reference points (RPs), are deployed in the sensor network with overlapping regions of coverage. The RP periodically broadcasts beacon frames which contain localization data. The sensor node collects the beacon frames from RPs and process the data in the frame; it can then easily localize itself. The analysis of positioning accuracy is given to show how well a sensor node can correctly localize itself. In the optimal transmitting power, the worst-case accuracy for all data points is within 28.87% of the separation-distance between two adjacent RPs and the average accuracy is within 15.51%. The simulation results also show the robustness of the proposed method. Finally, we have implemented our positioning method on a sensor network test bed and the actual measurement show that the method can achieve average accuracy within 17.9% of the separation-distance between two adjacent RPs in an outdoor environment.

https://ir.nctu.edu.tw:443/bitstream/11536/10603/1/000206061000002.pdf

A GPS-less, outdoor, self-positioning method for wireless sensor networks

In the last years, an increasing interest in location services characterized the market of mobile ubiquitous devices (smartphones, handhelds, etc.). Several technologies and solutions have been developed to determine the position of mobile devices in their operating space, each with its specific degree of precision and accuracy. In this scenario, the ideal location service should be able of tracking the mobile terminal in any place it moves to, both indoors and outdoors. However, while outdoor location services have already achieved a satisfactory degree of technological maturity and effectiveness, a really ubiquitous location service that works satisfactorily in both indoor and outdoor scenarios is not yet available. In order to cope with the above challenge, this work proposes a hybrid location approach designed to choose and switch among multiple positioning technologies supported by the mobile device and available in the surrounding environment, in a dynamic and transparent way during the user movement. It combines signal strength---based fingerprinting techniques for indoor positioning together with traditional GPS-based positioning for the outdoor localization and performs opportunistic technology switching according to a count-and-threshold mechanism. The resulting solution is able to leverage the different features of the wireless networks and of the global positioning technologies, in order to provide ubiquitous location services across indoor and outdoor scenarios, as well as to minimize power consumption of the mobile device.

Hybrid indoor and outdoor location services for new generation mobile terminals

Outdoor navigation services have become ubiquitously available due to small handheld devices such as GPS enabled mobile phones or dedicated mobile navigation systems. Two main drivers were necessary in order to provide widespread location based services: Acquiring positioning information with a certain degree of precision and widespread (mobile) access to computer networks to use the position information with a large information basis such as the Internet. Envisioned is a future, where indoor navigation and location based services are used as naturally as outdoor location based services are now. To achieve this long term vision where users seamlessly navigate for example from work desk to departure gate at the airport and use location based services on the way, various challenges have to be solved. In this paper, these challenges and open issues are discussed. The paper proposes an architecture which abstracts from different mobile devices and localization technologies. Additionally, it sketches the use of indoor topology information to increase the accuracy of indoor localization. These two presented concepts form a basis for a transition period until standards for ubiquitous indoor location based services have emerged.

/pdf/towards-ubiquitous-indoor-location-based-services-and-indoor-4g13quqdhx.pdf

Towards ubiquitous indoor location based services and indoor navigation

Ubiquitous computing is rapidly emerging as a framework for deploying mobile and context-aware applications. We focus on a new approach, and the resulting architecture, for implementing positioning services over ubiquitous infrastructures. Our driving idea is to estimate zones where mobile devices operate measuring the power level of wireless communications for locating them. The proposed architecture is largely independent from the devices used and from the wireless communication technologies. We experiment the approach over a Bluetooth and Wi-Fi infrastructure.

Implementing positioning services over an ubiquitous infrastructure

The widespread use of mobile and wireless computing platforms is leading to a growing interest on dependability issues. Several research studies have been conducted on dependability of mobile environments, but none of them attempted to identify system bottlenecks and to quantify dependability measures. This paper proposes a distributed automated infrastructure for monitoring and collecting spontaneous failures of the Bluetooth infrastructure, which is nowadays more and more recognized as an enabler for mobile systems. Information sources for failure data are presented, and preliminary experimental results are discussed.

An automated distributed infrastructure for collecting Bluetooth field failure data

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Implementing positioning services over an ubiquitous infrastructure

An automated distributed infrastructure for collecting Bluetooth field failure data