This paper presents a novel blind watermarking algorithm in DCT domain using the correlation between two DCT coefficients of adjacent blocks in the same position. One DCT coefficient of each block is modified to bring the difference from the adjacent block coefficient in a specified range. The value used to modify the coefficient is obtained by finding difference between DC and median of a few low frequency AC coefficients and the result is normalized by DC coefficient. The proposed watermarking algorithm is tested for different attacks. It shows very good robustness under JPEG image compression as compared to existing one and also good quality of watermark is extracted by performing other common image processing operations like cropping, rotation, brightening, sharpening, contrast enhancement etc.

A novel blind robust image watermarking in DCT domain using inter-block coefficient correlation

This paper proposes an energy-efficient counting rule for distributed detection by ordering sensor transmissions in wireless sensor networks. In the counting rule-based detection in an $N$ -sensor network, the local sensors transmit binary decisions to the fusion center, where the number of all $N$ local-sensor detections are counted and compared to a threshold. In the ordering scheme, sensors transmit their unquantized statistics to the fusion center in a sequential manner; highly informative sensors enjoy higher priority for transmission. When sufficient evidence is collected at the fusion center for decision making, the transmissions from the sensors are stopped. The ordering scheme achieves the same error probability as the optimum unconstrained energy approach (which requires observations from all the $N$ sensors) with far fewer sensor transmissions. The scheme proposed in this paper improves the energy efficiency of the counting rule detector by ordering the sensor transmissions: each sensor transmits at a time inversely proportional to a function of its observation. The resulting scheme combines the advantages offered by the counting rule (efficient utilization of the network's communication bandwidth, since the local decisions are transmitted in binary form to the fusion center) and ordering sensor transmissions (bandwidth efficiency, since the fusion center need not wait for all the $N$ sensors to transmit their local decisions), thereby leading to significant energy savings. As a concrete example, the problem of target detection in large-scale wireless sensor networks is considered. Under certain conditions the ordering-based counting rule scheme achieves the same detection performance as that of the original counting rule detector with fewer than $N/2$ sensor transmissions; in some cases, the savings in transmission approaches $(N-1)$ .

Energy-Efficient Decision Fusion for Distributed Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we present an innovative method of teaching digital system design in an undergraduate electrical and computer engineering curriculum. We present a project-based approach to teaching digital system design as opposed to the traditional method that uses conventional classroom lectures with short laboratory exercises. In our approach, students are exposed to a series of industrial-like, semester-long projects that cover fundamental topics in digital system design such as combinational circuit design, sequential circuit design, state machine design, etc. These projects are carried out in groups, thereby developing the students' abilities to work in teams. We present evidence that this project approach offers benefits such as increased student interest and better retention. Currently, 62 percent of our senior design projects are directly related to the concepts presented in this innovative course.

An innovative method of teaching digital system design in an undergraduate electrical and computer engineering curriculum

Recently we have observed a growing demand for secure technologies for e-commerce that do not put customers at risk of identity theft. We have also experienced the advent of Web 2.0 which has led to new business models and which has changed the way users interact with the Web. This thesis proposes a set of strategies and enhancements towards providing improved security and privacy in such new settings. We introduce a novel concept: Fair Rights Management (FRM). It can be classified as a usage control solution. FRM enables a flexible way of managing digital content. There was a need to provide additional security extensions to keep such a flexible model applicable. Thus, in our approach we take advantage of trust obtained from social networks. This is also the reason why we created an efficient zero-knowledge proof protocol that is lightweight enough to be deployed within existing web-applications. The proposed protocol is also successfully integrated with Semantic Web architecture and associated components. It enables practical Web and mobile applications which employ trust-based transactions as part of their workflow. This core contribution overcomes various disadvantages of prior art and enables a range of new applications and potentially new business models. We show that compared to existing Usage Control Models (UCON) (i) FRM is a step towards fair use in the digital world and we also argue that our approach is enforced by law; (ii) the participants of the proposed solution do not put their privacy at risk. Our research shows that existing infrastructure is sufficient to support ZKP-based solutions; and thus, it is feasible to offer the users enhanced privacy within existing deployed solutions.

A Privacy-enhanced Usage Control Model

Engineering emphasizes human creation of products, processes and techniques aimed at making life better. The problem with traditional engineering education revolves around the use of stove-pipe curricula, using passive lectures and cookbook laboratories with apriori known results. Real-world engineering is open-ended and team-oriented requiring active participation. This paper describes our Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) departments ongoing reform project to develop curricula striving to change this model by helping students become creative designers through: (1) encouraging students to broaden their perspectives, (2) requiring innovation, not copying, (3) promoting a product orientation, (4) providing students insight both socially and psychologically as to the nature of creativity, (5) providing tools (both physical and cognitive) to aid in creativity (6) requiring and encouraging original and creative work. The paper outlines the process for developing the new curricula, getting faculty involved, and how open-ended design will be integrated into courses and the processes used to initiate implementation of the new programs.

Teaching Engineering through Design: A Novel Approach for a Department Level Reform Project

Since its "birth" in 1971, embedded microprocessor has been widely used as a tool for technological innovations and cost reduction. Its speed and programmability are the main characteristics determining its performance. Therefore, for a design to be competitive, its processor has to fit the following characteristics: relatively inexpensive, flexible, adaptable, fast, and reconfigurable. A solution to this is the use of Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) as design tool. This paper describes the realization of an 8-bit FPGA based simple processor. Our system was implemented on the Xilinx Spartan 3 xc3s200FT256 using ISE foundation 8.1 and VHDL. 132 (6%) of the slices, 351 Bels were used. A maximum frequency of 95.364 MHz was reached with a minimum period of 10.486 ns.

FPGA Implementation of an 8-bit Simple Processor

This paper investigates data reduction strategies from signal processing perspective for centralized detection with distributed sensors. We consider a deterministic source observed by a network of sensors and develop an analytical strategy for ranking sensor transmissions based on their test statistics. The benefit of the proposed strategy is that in certain scenarios, the decision to transmit or not to transmit to the fusion center can be made at the sensor level, resulting in significant savings in transmission costs. We derive a theoretical bound on the number of sensor transmissions saved. Our results complement existing results in the literature. We simulate the proposed strategy and demonstrate its benefits over the unconstrained energy approach.

Statistical ranking of sensor observations for centralized detection with distributed sensors

The rapid increase in the distribution of digital multimedia data over networks creates the need for copyright protection. Watermarking is one of the techniques that can be used for this copyright protection. Many authors have proposed pure software or hardware solutions for the implementation of watermarking algorithms. In this paper we propose a hardware/software co-design approach for the implementation of the watermarking algorithm. Processes that demand high performance are implemented in hardware while those that are not computationally expensive are implemented in software. As a result, power consumption is reduced since only portion of the algorithm is implemented in hardware. In this paper we implement a DCT-based visible watermarking algorithm. Our system is implemented on a Xilinx Virtex-II Pro board. 21% of the slices were utilized with a maximum frequency of 131.092 MHz

Hardware/software co-design approach for a DCT-based watermarking algorithm

The major challenges facing resource constrained wireless devices are error resilience, security, and speed. In order to address these challenges, we present a physical layer encryption scheme that is capable of providing data reliability, secrecy and integrity. In addition, the scheme is also able to modulate the data. We construct joint encryption, error correction and modulation scheme to facilitate secure, reliable and efficient data transmission. This scheme is based on McEliece public key cryptosystem.

Joint encryption error correction and modulation (JEEM) scheme

The detection of random signals in noisy measurements is a problem of interest in several scientific applications that has been studied extensively. Recently, sample eigenvalue-based procedures for spectrum sensing and signal detection have received a lot of attention due their computational simplicity, their robustness, and their performance, which is claimed to exceed the performance of the classical Neyman-Pearson detectors. In this paper, through a theoretical analysis and Monte Carlo simulations, we investigate the detection performance of the different eigenvalue-based detection strategies that have been proposed while utilizing the performances of the energy detector and the estimator-correlator as benchmarks. Our results indicate that eigenvalue-based methods are not better than the classical energy detector and estimator-correlator.

Performance evaluation of eigenvalue-based detection strategies in a sensor network

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