http://directory.umm.ac.id/Data%20Elmu/jurnal/A/Animal%20Reproduction%20Science/Vol60-61.Issue1-4.Jul2000/1965.pdf

Factors effecting reproduction in the pig: seasonal effects and restricted feeding of the pregnant gilt and sow.

The ability to show standing oestrus and to ovulate within 10 days of weaning was studied in 240 purebred Swedish Yorkshire primiparous sows, fed according to a conventional feeding regime during lactation. The sows were weighed and backfat depth was recorded at farrowing and at weaning. Oestrus control was performed daily and blood samples for determination of plasma progesterone were drawn regularly in 205 sows. The distribution among the sows of the first standing oestrus after weaning had 2 peaks. The first peak occurred within 10 days of weaning and the second 24–30 days after weaning. Twelve per cent of the sows ovulated without showing standing oestrus within 10 days of weaning and 4 % had an anovulatory first oestrus within the same time. Significant differences in age at farrowing and in loss of weight and backfat during lactation were found between sows which both showed standing oestrus and ovulated within 10 days of weaning and sows which neither showed standing oestrus, nor ovulated within the same time. The season during which weaning occurred significantly influenced the ability to show standing oestrus and ovulate within 10 days of weaning. Among the sows which both showed standing oestrus and ovulated within 10 days of weaning, significant positive correlations were found between weight loss, litter size, litter weight gain and the interval from weaning to first standing oestrus.

/pdf/a-study-on-primiparous-sows-of-the-ability-to-show-standing-dbt7hf69ge.pdf

A Study on Primiparous Sows of the Ability to Show Standing Oestrus and to Ovulate after Weaning. Influences of Loss of Body Weight and Backfat during Lactation and of Litter Size, Litter Weight Gain and Season

Repeat breeding and subsequent reproductive performance in Swedish Landrace and Swedish Yorkshire sows

A total of 1,257 gilts were used to de- termine the effect of space allowance during rearing and age at puberty on total pigs produced and removal rate over 3 parities. There were 2 treatments. In treat- ment 1, gilts were given a space allowance of 1.13 m 2 / gilt (15 gilts per pen), and in treatment 2, gilts were given 0.77 m 2 /gilt (22 gilts per pen). Gilts (38 kg and 75 d of age) were individually weighed upon entry and before leaving the rearing site. They were scanned for backfat thickness and loin depth and had their feet and legs scored for structure, movement, and toe evenness before leaving the rearing site. Commencing at approx- imately 140 d of age, gilts were exposed to a vasecto- mized boar once daily with age of puberty recorded for all gilts attaining puberty before leaving the rearing site. Gilts were then moved to a specialized gilt breed- ing farm. When confirmed pregnant, they were moved to 1 of 9 sow farms at random, where gilts remained until removal from that herd. Space allowance in rear- ing had no effect (P > 0.29) on growth rate in rearing, backfat thickness and loin depth, total pigs produced, or removal rate. A greater percentage of gilts attained puberty (P = 0.02) and attained puberty at a younger age (P 860 g/d) had greater (P 260 d of age, whereas a greater (P 280 d of age were removed by the end of parity 3. In conclusion, space allowance in rearing did not affect total pigs produced or removal rate; however, gilts that attained puberty at a younger age produced more pigs over parities 1 to 3.

Effect of space allowance during rearing and selection criteria on performance of gilts over three parities in a commercial swine production system.

Seasonal effects on fertility of the domestic sow were assessed by retrospective analysis of the Finnish national computerised data management system covering 1081 herds in 1993 Multivariate analyses were used, where the reproductive parameter of interest (repeat breeding, weaning to oestrus interval, age of gilts at first farrowing, litter size, culling due to anoestrus or no conception) was designed as the response variable The months of the year (each month compared with January) and all herds and breed were included in the models as explanatory variables The study demonstrated clear seasonal effects on various aspects of fertility in the domestic sow The poorest reproductive performance was consistently observed in late summer and autumn and was demonstrated in a number of ways Firstly, the gilts born between December and April were older (>5 days) at farrowing than those born during the rest of the year (p<001) Secondly, the risk that a culled sow would be culled due to anoestrus was significantly increased during the autumn months (Odds Ratio (OR) ranged from 110 to 136) Thirdly, the risk of a repeat breeding was higher from July to November (OR = 116) Risk of a prolonged weaning-to-oestrus beyond day 10 was the highest from August to October (OR ranged from 170 to 177) Risk of a sow to be culled due to no conception was the highest in January and February (weaned in October–November) In addition, descriptive data gathered in a slaughterhouse in 1993 (a subpopulation of the sows included in the herd records) suggest that incidence of inactive ovaries is increased in summer-autumn (p<005) In conclusion, a marked reduction in fertility of the domestic sow in Finland is reported between July and November

/pdf/seasonal-effects-on-reproduction-in-the-domestic-sow-in-144e0h5d97.pdf

Seasonal effects on reproduction in the domestic sow in Finland--a herd record study.

The present investigation comprised 2041 gilts (Swedish Landrase + Swedish Yorkshire) selected for breeding purposes at 10 weeks of age belonging to one large herd in Sweden. Of all selected gilts 54.5% were culled without farrowing any litter. The reproductive disturbances represented 21.7% of the cullings and together with slow growth rate, high backfat thickness and inverted teats, constituted the main reason for culling. In gilts above 9 months of age 66.9% of the cullings were caused by reproductive disturbances, anoestrus being the dominating reason. Only 2.8% of gilts born during July-September were culled because of oestrous failure, while the corresponding figure for gilts born during January-March was 9.6% (p less than 0.001). Furthermore a highly significant annual variation was found among gilts culled because of anoestrus (p less than 0.001). Among expected pregnant gilts 6.6% were culled because of failure to farrow.

Culling of gilts with special reference to reproductive failure.

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Culling of gilts with special reference to reproductive failure.