Foreword. Dedication. Preface. Retrospective on the Salt Marsh Paradigm. Tidal marshes as outwelling/pulsing systems E.P. Odum. Salt marsh values: etrospection from the end of the century J.M. Teal, B.L. Howes. Sources and Patterns of Production. Role of salt marshes as part of coastal landscapes I. Valiela, et al. Spatial variation in process and pattern in salt marsh plant communities in eastern North America M.D. Bertness, S.C. Pennings. Eco-physiological controls on the productivity of Spartina alterniflore I.A. Menselssohn, J.T. Morris. Community structure and functional dynamics of benthic microalgae in salt marshes M.J. Sullivan, C.A. Currin. Structure and productivity of microtidal Mediterranean coastal marshes C. Ibanez, et al. Development and structure of salt marshes: community patterns in time and space A.J. Davy. Fate of Production Within Marsh Food Webs. Microbial secondary production from salt marsh-grass shoots, and its known and potential fates S.Y. Newell, D. Porter. Trophic complexity between producers and invertebrate consumers in salt marshes D.A. Kreeger, R.I.E. Newell. Trophic linkages in marshes: ontogenetic changes in diet for young-of-the-year mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus K.J. Smith, et al. Habitat Value: Food and/or Refuge. Factors influencing habitat selection in fishes with a review of marsh ecosystems J.K. Craig, L.B. Crowder. Salt marsh ecoscapes and production transfers by estuarine nekton in the southeastern U.S. R.T. Kneib. Salt marsh linkages to productivity of penaeid shrimps and blue crabs in the northern Gulf of Mexico R.J. Zimmerman, et al. Ecophysiological determinants ofsecondary production in salt marshes: a simulation study J.M. Miller, et al. Salt marsh ecosystem support of marine transient species L.A. Deegan, et al. Biogeochemical Processes. Benthic-pelagic coupling in marsh-estuarine ecosystems R.F. Dame, et al. Twenty more years of marsh and estuarine flux studies: revisiting Nixon (1980) D.L. Childers, et al. The role of oligohaline marshes in estuarine nutrient cycling J.Z. Merrill, J.C. Cornwell. Molecular tools for studying biogeochemical cycling in salt marshes L. Kerkhof, D.J. Scala. Nitrogen and vegetation dyamics in European salt marshes J. Rozema, et al. Modeling Nutrient and Energy Flux. A stable isotope model approach to estimating the contribution of organic matter from marshes to estuaries P.M. Eldrige, L.A. Cifuentes. Types of salt marsh edge and export of trophic energy from marshes to deeper habitats G. Cichetti, R.J. Diaz. Silicon is the link between tidal marshes and estuarine fisheries: a new paradigm C.T. Hackney, et al. Tidal Marsh Restoration: Fact or Fiction? Self-design applied to coastal restoration W.J. Mitsch. Functional equivalency of restored and natural salt marshes J.B. Zedler, R. Lindig-Cisneros. Organic and inorganic contributions to vertical accretion in salt marsh sediments R.E. Turner, et al. Landscape structure and scale constraints on restoring estuarine wetlands for Pacific coast juvenile fishes C.A. Simenstad, et al. Ecological Engineering of Restored Marshes. The role of pulsing events in the functioning of coastal barriers and wetlands: implications for human impact, management and the response to sea level rise J.W. Day, et al. Influences of vegetation and abiotic environmental f

Concepts and Controversies in Tidal Marsh Ecology

Coastal marshes accrete vertically in response to sea-level rise and subsidence. Inadequate accretion and subsequent conversion of coastal marshes to open water generally is attributed to inadequate mineral sedimentation because mineral sedimentation is widely assumed to control accretion. Using 137Cs dating to determine vertical accretion, mineral sedimentation, and organic matter accumulation, we found that accretion varied with organic accumulation rather than mineral sedimentation across a wide range of conditions in coastal Louisiana, including stable marshes where soil was 80% mineral matter. These results agreed with previous research, but no mechanism had been proposed to explain accretion via vegetative growth. In an exploratory greenhouse experiment, we found that flooding stimulated root growth above the marsh surface. These results indicated the need for additional work to determine if flooding controls accretion in some marshes by stimulating root growth on the marsh surface, rather than by mineral accumulation on the marsh surface. Restoration or management that focus on mineral sedimentation may be ineffective where a relationship between accretion and mineral sedimentation is assumed rather than tested.

http://www.rnr.lsu.edu/people/nyman/pubs/nymECSS2006.pdf

Marsh vertical accretion via vegetative growth

Plants acquire mineral nutrients from their native soil environments. Most crop plants are glycophytes and have evolved under conditions of low soil salinity. Consequently, they have developed mechanisms for absorbing, transporting, and utilizing mineral nutrients in nonsaline soils. Under saline conditions, which are characterized by low nutrient-ion activities and extreme ratios of Na / Ca , Na /K , Mg /Ca , and Cl /NO3 , nutritional disorders can develop and crop growth and quality may be reduced. This is not surprising, since under saline conditions, Na and/or Cl often exceed macronutrient concentrations by one or two orders of magnitude and even more in the case of micronutrients. Halophytes, native to saline environments, may also develop nutrient disorders despite their remarkable ability to absorb nutrients selectively from soil solutions dominated by Na and Cl . Nutrient imbalance can develop in salt-stressed plants in different ways. It may result from the effect of salinity on nutrient availability, uptake, transport, or partitioning within the plant or may be caused by physiological inactivation of a given nutrient resulting in an increase in the plant’s internal requirement for that essential element. It is likely that salinity may affect one or more of these processes at the same time, but whether or not this imbalance results in loss of crop yield or quality depends on its severity, which is influenced by a number of environmental factors. Nutrient availability and uptake by plants grown in saline environments is related to (a) the activity of the nutrient ion in the soil solution which depends on pH, pE (the negative log of

Mineral Nutrient Acquisition and Response by Plants Grown in Saline Environments

Primary production in coastal wetlands is conventionally thought to be limited by nitrogen. Although the plant community in a pristine salt marsh was found to be limited primarily by nitrogen availability, the bacterial community in the soil was limited by phosphorus. Hence, in coastal wetlands, and possibly in many ecosystems, individual trophic groups may respond differently to nitrogen and phosphorus loading. Phosphorus limitation of the growth of nitrogen-transforming bacteria will affect carbon fixation, storage, and release mediated by plants, a result that has important implications for ecosystem management.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/299/5606/563.full.pdf

Phosphorus Limitation of Coastal Ecosystem Processes

Mineral element acquisition and growth response of plants grown in saline environments

The effect of nutrient supply on the productivity of S. alterniflora was evaluated by applying fertilizer materials to plots in natural marshes and on S. alterniflora seeded and transplanted on dredge spoil. In a marsh growing on a sandy substrate, additions of N alone increased yields of aboveground shoots significantly, and when P was also added, the yield increased about threefold. In a marsh growing on finer textured sediments, N fertilizer doubled the yield of short S. alterniflora, but there was no response to P. There was no growth response to applications of Fe. The results indicate that primary productivity of some S. alterniflora marshes is limited by the availability of N. When N is added, lack of P may become the factor limiting growth, particularly when the substrate is coarse in texture. Lack of N is apparently one of a combination of factors which is responsible for producing the short form of S. alterniflora. Applications of N and P fertilizers also enhanced growth of seedlings and transplants which were artificially established on dredge spoil. Fertilization may be beneficial in propagating S. alterniflora salt marsh on dredge spoil since establishing a full vegetative cover rapidly is important. Response of seedlings or transplants to fertilizer would depend on the inherent fertility of the substrate material.

The Relationship of Mineral Nutrients to Growth of Spartina alterniflora in North Carolina: II. The Effects of N, P, and Fe Fertilizers

: Techniques were developed for propagation of Spartina alterniflora Loisel., smooth cordgrass, in the intertidal zone on dredge spoil and eroding shorelines. Both seeding and transplanting methods were successful. Transplants proved to be more tolerant of rigorous conditions such as storm waves and blowing sand, but seeding was more economical and was successful on protected sites. Vegetative development of seeded and transplanted areas was rapid with primary production equal to that of a long established marsh by the second growing season. At the end of the first growing season, more plant cover was produced from seeding at the rate of 100 viable seeks per square meter than from transplanting single-stem plants on a 0.9-meter spacing.

Propagation of Spartina Alterniflora for Substrate Stabilization and Salt Marsh Development

The Relationship of Mineral Nutrients to Growth of Spartina alterniflora in North Carolina: I. Nutrient Status of Plants and Soils in Natural Stands1

: Work was initiated in the fall of 1969 along the North Carolina coast on the stabilization of dredge spoil with Spartina alterniflora Loisel. Studies included methods of propagation and establishment, growth rates, factors affecting growth, and substrate and elevational effects. Reasonably satisfactory methods and procedures have been developed and some tentative guidelines formulated for the use of this plant for stabilization of dredge spoil. (Author)

Marsh building with dredge spoil in North Carolina

: Experimental plantings to stabilize eroding shorelines in Bogue Sound in 1974 were successful Better stands were produced on sites subject to severe wave stress by reducing transplant spacing to 15 to 2 feet apart Rhizomes without well-developed culms attached were worthless as propagules within the intertidal zone Seeding was unsuccessful due to exposure to excessive wave energy Some of the adaptation of Spartina alterniflora to the low oxygen supply and the ammonium form of nitrogen characteristics of the intertidal zone were confirmed by laboratory studies Plants were detrimentally affected by forced aeration of roots and the substitution of nitrate for ammonium Stands of Spartina alterniflora continued to respond to high inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus through the fourth year

Propagation and Use of Spartina Alterniflora for Shoreline Erosion Abatement

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